Pacific Islands Monthly - 21 May 1935

Sydney, May 20.

MAILS from Papua, New Guinea and Fiji which have reached us on May 20, just as we go to press, contain much interesting Islands news. The following is a brief summary.

An experienced mining engineer who recently visited Fiji told a “P.I.M.” representative that there easily might be 2000 men working on the Fiji goldmines within a short time.

The new goldfields road from Wau to Edie Creek (New Guinea) is open. The first motor traffic used it on Anzac Day.

It is described as “a god-send.” Head quarters of New Guinea Goldfields Ltd. are now at Edie Creek, and it is rapidly “becoming an important centre.

Much damage was done by a flood in the Edie and Merri Creeks on the night of April 15.

The King’s Jubilee was celebrated with much impressive ceremonial on May 6 at the Islands centres, notably Suva, Rabaul, and Port Moresby.

Papuan planters and merchants are urging the Administration to agitate for the removal of the Australian primage duty. (See article on page 9.) Mrs. Martha Aston, died in Samarai hospital on April 30, at the age of 77.

She was closely connected with mission ary enterprise in the Pacific, and was greatly loved for her personal qualities.

The managing director of the Kwato Mission, Samarai, has sent for publica tion (now to appear in June issue) a notable reply to various criticism recently directed against the mission’s commercial activities.

The March report of the Warden of the Morobe goldfield (New Guinea) indicates further rapid progress on the field. Gold and silver exported in March were worth £132,495 (Australian).

The foundation stone of a new Masonic temple was laid in Rabaul on April 25.

His Honour Chief Judge D. S. Wanliss, of New Guinea, has left the territory on four months’ furlough, which he will spend in Australia.

Captain Kendrick, who has been some time in Port Moresby, is impressed with the possibilities of the auriferous country near the Brown River, within 150 miles of Pt. Moresby. He is urging a geo logical survey.

Good reports have been received of dredging progress by the Tiveri Co. in the Lakekamu district, Papua. Gold yields are satisfactory.

The Fiji sugar output for 1935 promises to surpass that for 1934. The export for 1934 was 104,000 tons, valued at £868,438.

The estimate for 1935 is around 123,000 tons.

Personal Notes From Fiji

Mr. H. H. Hemus, supervising inspector for Messrs. A. B. Donald, joined the Niagara at Auck land, and after a brief stay in Suva in May, at tending to the affairs of the company, returned to New Zealand by the Monterey.

Mr. D. M. Deane, a mining engineer, left Sydney recently for Suva by the Niagara. Mr. Deane represents the Sukulaki Gold Development Co.

N.L., which was registered in Melbourne. The company has a lease of a block at Tavua, miles east of the Emperor mine. It is the com pany’s intention to commence operations imme diately, and Mr. Dean has three mining men with him. He is very confident about the future pros pects of the goldfield. He considers that, though the mining laws of the colony are still in their infancy, the recent Government legislation to

control more strictly the issuing of prospecting licences is a step in the right direction.

Mr, A. G. Campbell returned to Suva on the Niagara in May, and proceeded straight to Tavua, where he made further investigations for a private client. He returned to Australia on the Monterey, thoroughly satisfied with the work he had com pleted.

Mr. C. A. Barden returned to Suva at the be ginning of May, after an absence of ten years.

He resumed duty at the cable station, Suva, after having been in Vancouver, Fanning Island, and Auckland for his company.

Sir Henry and Lady Marks returned to Suva at the beginning of May on the Niagara, accom panied by their daughter, Mrs. M. V. Abel.

Mr. H. J. S. Allen, Collector of Customs at Lautoka, returned to Suva by the Niagara in May.

He was accompanied by his wife and two daugh ters.

Mr. E. J. Pratt returned to Lautoka on May 4, after spending his leave in New Zealand. He was accompanied by his wife, his sister (Miss A.

Pratt) and his daughter Peggy.

Mr. R. M. Boyd, who represents the well known Australian stockbrokers, Messrs. J. B.

Were and Co., has been visiting Fiji, and returns on the Monterey. He is a reticent man, but it is believed that he thinks well of Fiji’s gold-mining possibilities.

Mr. R. H. Norman, of the Orient Line, has been in Suva, making arrangements for adequately en tertaining those who take “luxury cruises to Fiji.”

Mr. Julius Blau, well-known Sydney business man, is in Suva at present, staying at the Grand Pacific Hotel, The Governor of Tahiti returned to France by the Cephee early in May.

Record Of The

“Monsunen”

MANY people in the Central Pacific will remember Hakon Mielche, the brilliant young artist who was a member of the Danish scientific expedition. The expedition travelled on the ship "Mon sunen”; and the “Monsunen,” after call ing at Galapagos, Marquesas, Tahiti,

Samoa, Fiji, New Caledonia and New Hebrides, war wrecked in August, 1934, in the Santa Cruz Islands, in the Southern Solo mons.

Mr. Mielche has described his ex periences in a book which is racily written and very cleverly illustrated, but which, unfor tunately for us, is in the Danish lan guage. This not withstanding, one can follow the party’s adventures by the amusing

little “thumb-nail” sketches, in the mar gin.

There is a probability that the book will be translated and re-published in English. It will be well worth reading.

Mr. Hadron Mielche, clever Danish artist.

N.C. Goldmining

Noumea, May 4.

THE Government has removed the re striction recently imposed on mining operations in New Caledonia (see article on page 22) so far as it applies to gold mining. The announcement that three fourths of the personnel of concerns seeking or working gold in the Colony must be French will not now affect Aus tralian companies and syndicates.

Islands Broadcasting

Plans by A.W.A.

EQUIPMENT to establish a broadcast ing station at Port Moresby—the first in the South Pacific Islands —was despatched to Papua by Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., in mid-April. The new station, to be known as 4PM, will be operated by A.W.A., by whom the plant was designed and manufactured.

It is announced, also (but this is not officially confirmed), that plans are afoot by the same enterprising company to establish a broadcasting station at Suva, in Fiji.

The establishment of these stations will be of benefit to Islands residents.

In the past, many people in the Pacific have installed receiving sets in the hope of being able to pick up news bulletins and entertainment broadcasts from Aus tralian and New Zealand stations; but, for the most part, their success has been only seasonal. For a large part of the year, atmospheric interference has made satisfactory reception almost impossible.

The new Islands stations probably will re-broadcast Australian mainland pro grammes: and listeners in Papua, New Guinea, Nauru, Solomons, New Heb rides, New Caledonia, Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilbert and Ellice, and Cook Islands should have no difficulty, using standard four and five-valve sets, in keeping in constant touch with the wide world.

Discovered in Papeete by

Early Manuscripts On

Tahiti

Discovered in Papeete by Mitchell Librarian

From Our Own Correspondent.

Papeete, May 1.

MISS I. E. LEESON, Librarian at the Mitchell Library, Sydney, returned to Australia by the April Makura, after a month’s stay in Papeete. On behalf of the institution she represents, Miss Leeson’s visit was made principally for the purpose of gathering material for a his tory of this part of the Pacific.

It is understood that many interesting documents bearing upon the early Euro pean occupation of Tahiti were discovered in the archives at the British Consulate, to which, owing to the kindness of Dr.

Williams, the Consul, Miss Leeson was given access. It is expected that these papers will eventually be transferred to the Mitchell Library. Miss Leeson also acquired several original journals and manuscripts, written by the early English missionaries, which are full of interest for the historical student.

Aeroplane Accident in New

Guinea

WHEN flying a Pacific Airways Moth in the goldfields transport service, New Guinea, early in May, Pilot Cameron en countered bad weather, and crashed near Roaring Creek, in the Watut country.

He was not injured, but the machine was badly damaged.

Copra’S Future

p. 8

A New Note of Optimism

WE find, in “Review of the Oil and Fat markets, 1934,” issued by Messrs.

Faure, Blattmann and Co., London, a note of optimism that had been missing, for some years, from this most valuable an nual compilation.

This is how the cautious editor summed up his conclusions, at the end of a very careful review of the world markets and prospects, as on 31st December, 1934: “We did not commit ourselves in our last Review to any forecast as to the future movement of prices, as the position at the end of 1933 was still too unclear.

“To-day we are faced with a definite world shortage of Oils and Fats avail able for consumption, spread over all the principal oil-producing materials, and which a year ago would have seemed impossible.

“All indications point to the full ef fect of this shortage, especially the shortage in the United States, not yet having been felt; and, even if Ger many should have to reduce her con-

The copra market is moving steadily upward. This is what has happened to the London c.i.f. quotation since we went to press in April:

sumption of Oils and Fats very con siderably, as a result of her lack of foreign exchange, a still higher price level seems to be inevitable.

“In other words, we may safely as sume that we have now reached a turning point where we must look up on the abnormally low level of prices for Oils and Fats to which we have been accustomed for a number of years, as a thing of the past.”

The “Review” deals seriatim with the world position of copra and of the var ious commodities which compete in some degree with coconut oil. The following are its conclusions: Lard: Owing to the American drought production has decreased 23 per cent.

Olive Oil: The 1933-34 crop showed a reduction, and the 1934-35 crop, owing to unfavourable weather, will be smaller still.

Linseed Oil: North American crops again very small, but shortage offset by large Argentine crop. 1935 supplies will be slightly larger than 1934, but appre ciable increase in consumption expected.

Cotton Oil: Owing to American crop re strictions, combined with drought, a con siderable shortage is expected, to become manifest in the latter part of 1935.

Peanuts: Supplies in sight for 1935 are the smallest for many years. Indian crop probably will be down 40 per cent.

Whale Oil: The 1933-34 catch has been completely disposed of, and the 1934-35 catch, owing to late start and unfavour able conditions, is expected (for the

first time for many years) to be less than estimated.

Copra: Such reports as are to hand from producing countries indicate smaller supplies this year than usual. Typhoons suffered by the Philippines during the latter part of 1934 are reported to have seriously damaged the trees, ruining the young nuts. Low prices during the last year or two have necessitated economies on the plantations, with a result that a good many of the copra gardens are suf fering from neglect which will reduce the crops. However, it must not be over looked that there is always a hidden re serve for export in the quantity con sumed locally, and higher prices will draw upon what in the ordinary way would be domestic supplies.

South Seas Sundried.

Rabaul Hot-air-Dried April 19 . . . £10 15 0 .. £11 17 6 26 . . . . 11 5 0 12 7 6 May 3 11 17 6 12 12 6 10 . . . . 12 2 6 12 17 6 17 . . . . 12 0 0 12 12 6

Royalty

p. 8

New Guinea Gold

Report That Differential System Is Advocated

ARGUMENTS in favour of a revision of the system of imposing a royalty (now 5 per cent.) on the value of gold ex ported from New Guinea have been placed before the Administration of the Terri tory.

One report says that it has been sug gested that the present royalty on dredge won gold should be maintained (presum ably because it is considered easy to get), while there should be a reduction of the royalty on “boxing gold,” and a further reduction on lode gold, because that is the hardest to win.

A number of cogent arguments against a differential gold royalty can be pre sented, and it is to be hoped, for the pro tection of the future of the Morobe field, that no change of this far-reaching char acter will be made without the most care ful consideration of the issues involved.

The system of imposing a gold royalty has been adopted in many countries; but, so far as is known, not one country has applied a differential system. Moreover, the task of checking the source of the gold presented for royalty assessment, on a big field such as Morobe, would present great practical difficulties.

The introduction of the proposed sys tem would discriminate directly against the Bulolo group—a manifestly unfair thing. It still has to be proved that gold is more easily recovered by dredging. It may look easy, in the case of Bulolo; but that is because the Bulolo group made their plans with remarkable foresight, and carried them through with promptness and great organising ability. The design ing of dredges suitable for Bulolo, their transport by aeroplanes, and their opera tion in this primitive and well-nigh in accessible country, so far from being easy, is one of the most notable feats in the history of goldmining. Large profits are being made, but they were well and truly earned. So far from being penalised, the Bulolo group should be encouraged and assisted.

It is not desirable, at this stage, to make invidious distinctions: but it is possible to argue that, if certain com panies in New Guinea are lode mining more expensive, in proportion to gold recovery, than dredging, the dif ference may be due rather to organisa tion and capitalisation, rather than to the natural difficulties of the terrain.

Put it in another way. If the Admin istrator is to be asked to impose a dif ferential royalty, he should be permitted also to examine the documented history of the different companies, in relation to capitalisation, organisation, and engineer ing efficiency, before deciding that one method of gold recovery is more expensive than another.—R.W.R.

Mr. H. C. Cardew

p. 8

Death on May 14

ONE of the best known members of the Public Service of New Guinea, Mr. H.

C. Cardew, died at Rabaul on May 14, Mr. Cardew joined the Papuan Public Service in 1909. He rose to the position of Resident Magistrate; but left this ser vice during the war period, when there was a demand for experienced officials to carry on the administration of New Guinea, just then taken over by Austra lia.

Mr. Cardew was sent as District Officer to Kieta, in Bougainville, where he car ried on under the military regime. Later, he was appointed the first Commissioner of Native Affairs and Director of Educa tion in the New Guinea Civil Administra tion, and was a member of the Advisory Council. Owing to his legal knowledge and experience of native affairs he undertook the task of drafting the first Native Labour Ordinance put into opera tion in New Guinea and this measure, although amended to meet changing con ditions, is still in force. Mr. Cardew also organised the existing system of native schools. He was a man always held in high esteem and his advice was of great value to the various Administrators. He had been in ill health for some time.

Advertisements & other items, p. 8 (1 item)

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When Costa Rica Pounced!

pp. 9-76

that the leaders of the expedition con sulted the Foreign Office concerning the ownership of the island and were informed that, although its status had never been

Amusing Story of Cocos Island

Treasure-Seekers The Thing

the Expedition Forgot

A RECENT news item is as follows: A new attempt to locate the treasure . worth £25,000,000, reputed to have been buried on Cocos Island in the Pacific by old-time buccaneers, commenced in February with the departure from Lowestoft in the motor drifter Veracity (45 tons ) of Commander F. Worsley, the Antarctic explorer, who is leading the expedition. The trouble with the Costa Rican Government, which impeded pre vious expeditions, has now been over come. The rights on Cocos Island have been secured from the Costa Rican Government, who in return will take a third of any treasure found. The Costa Rican Government has provided a police guard of ten for the expedition, which is expected to be there for about a year.

The following article was written before the above news item arrived.

IT is reported that the English company known as Treasure Recovery Ltd., is to make another visit to Cocos Island, in an attempt to retrieve the disaster it suffered last year when the members of the expedition were arrested and depor ted by the Costa Rican police.

In the circumstances it may be worth while retelling the romantic story of the search for the Cocos Island treasure.

Altogether there have been 14 expe ditions organised to seek for the pirates’ hoard. It is believed by many people that there are two or three separate hoards buried upon Cocos Island; and it is stated in the Foreign Office Handbook that the probable value of the treasure buried there at various times by various people —mostly pirates—is £12,000,000. Other estimates have placed it as high as £25,000,000. It is clear that the main treasure upon which these estimates are based is that supposed to have been taken from the city of Lima early last century.

As a matter of fact there is now the gravest doubt as to whether the Lima treasure actually was taken away by sea to Cocos Island. But of that more anon.

The English company called Treasure Recovery Ltd. was organised about the end of 1933. The men at its head —who ultimately became the four directors and who led the expedition to Cocos Island —are Commander F. A. Worsley, D.S.O., O.B.E., R.N.R. (who is famous as one of the joint leaders of the Shackleton Polar Expedition of 1925); Commander J. R.

Stenhouse, D.S.O., O.B.E., D.S.C., R.N.R. (who was the commander of the “Aurora,” also famous in connection with Antarctic exploration); Mr. Stratford D. A. Jolly (who is noted as a seeker of buried treasure and who spent 10 months on Cocos Island in 1932); and Captain Charles O. Polkinghorne. The shares were sold publicly in London in December and January, 1933-34, and the expedition re ceived an extraordinary amount of pub licity. Some of the newspaper financial writers were very critical.

However, a substantial sum (said to have been £80,000) was subscribed and the expedition was organised in a very businesslike manner. It sailed for Cocos Island at the end of September 1934, in the beautiful green and white yacht Queen

of Scots, a 600-tons twin screw vessel which had been loaned for the purpose by Mr. A. J. Drexel. The official leader of the expedition, which numbered 20, was Mr. S. MacFarlane Arthur, and the personnel included Colonel J. E. Leckie,

C.M.G., C.B.E., D.S.O., F.R.G.S. (A Min-

ing engineer who was connected with the Pacific Treasure Exploration, which sailed on M.V. Silver Wave in 1932-33); Dr. J. W. Harris, B.Sc., Ph. D. (geologist); Mr. J. T. Marten (a radio operator and aviator); and there were also various other gentlemen with scientific qualifica tions, in addition to Commanders Wors ley and Stenhouse, Captain Polkinghorne, and Mr. Jolly.

The expedition was luxuriously equipped with scientific apparatus. It was intended to locate treasure in the following manner: “Our experts will tackle the hunt as an engineering problem. We have definite evi dence as to where the treasure is buried close to the shore. We shall electrify an area and probe the ground with in struments and on getting a response we shall send down a core drill. If there is anything there we shall get a sample of it. We are using an aeroplane for sur vey purposes and telephones will link up the camp and the works. We shall apply geo-electrical methods, used in the detec tion of mineral deposits.”

The expedition’s plans appear to have been made with great thoroughness, and its departure from London aroused much public interest.

Only one thing appears to have been overlooked—but it was vital.

It seems to have been assumed by all previous expeditions, and by everyone in terested, that Cocos Island (which lies about 500 miles due west of the Panama Canal) was a no-man’s land. It appears

defined internationally, the republic of Costa Rica claimed sovereignty over it; and the Foreign Office suggested that Costa Rica should be asked for permis sion to make a landing.

But no one seems to have troubled about Costa Rica. That, perhaps, is not to be wondered at. Costa Rica is a tiny comic opera republic near the Panama Canal zone, in Central America.

But, if the expedition was not con cerned about Costa Rica, Costa Rica was passionately interested in the expedition, and its confident hope of recovering any thing up to £25,000,000 worth of treasure.

So far as Costa Rica was concerned, the share-selling publicity of Treasure Re covery Ltd.—and particularly the bits about £25,000,000, and the value of the new scientific methods of recovery—had registered 100 per cent!

So much treasure, it was calculated would pay off the national debt of Costa Rica and make most of the Costa Ricans millionaires for life. So Costa Rica bided its time.

The luxurious yacht, Queen of Scots, duly passed through the Suez Canal and landed the expedition on Cocos Island early in October, 1934. No one went near Punta Arenas, which is the port of Costa Rica, nor was any courtesy call made at San Jose, where the President of Costa Rica resides.

Thereupon the Government of Costa Rica became very busy indeed.

On October 13, 1934, the Government of Costa Rica assembled the Costa Rican navy (two small motor vessels) embarked a section of the army (26 soldiers and four colonels) and despatched the lot from Punta Arenas to Cocos Island “to re move the 19 members of the British treasure hunting expedition which, by

Photograph reproduced from one of the London daily newspapers, when the treasure-seekers sailed for Cocos Island in September, 1934.

in search of buried treasure of old-time pirates of the Spanish Main, an expedition left West India Docks, London, aboard the yacht Queen of Scots. The commander, Captain Bellingham (centre) is seen, showing the charts to friends and crew before sailing yester day for Cocoa Island.

landing there recently, have infringed Costa Rican territory.”

Meanwhile the yacht, Queen of Scots, had landed the expedition and had re turned to the Panama Canal en route to England. She was promptly held up in Cristobal, Panama, by the American authorities on the ground that, if they allowed her to sail, the treasure seekers who were being ejected from Cocos Island would be thrown as a charge upon the Panama authorities, and with no means of getting home.

It was a most startling development which aroused world wide attention, in view of the publicity which had been given previously to the departure of the expedition.

The expedition’s leaders had early radio advice of what was brewing. They came to Panama on the Queen of Scots, and rushed across to Costa Rica, and made due obeisance to the Costa Rican authorities, offering all sort of undertak ings and promises.

But it was too late. Costa Rica was on the warpath. If there was any treasure in Cocos Island, Costa Rica was going to have it. Costa Rica, for once, was sit ting on top of the world.

There was anti-climax when the Costa Rican expedition, which had sailed from Punta Arenas, did not arrive at Cocos Island when expected; and it was feared that the gallant troops had been lost. But it transpired afterwards that the radio had gone out of order and that the Costa Ricans had become very sea-sick. They eventually reached Cocos Island, and duly arrested the 19 British treasure seekers —by whom they were entertained with courtesy and much hospitality.

Troops and treasure-seekers arrived in Punta Arenas on October 28, 1934. It was understood that the treasure-seek ers were to be gaoled; but Costa Rica found a formula by which they were im mediately set free, because they were “‘merely the servants of Treasure Recovery Ltd.,” and they were allowed to proceed to Cristobal, where they rejoined the Queen of Scots.

The whole expedition thereupon re turned disconsolately to England.

The far-seeing Republic of Costa Rica seized the whole of the expedition’s equipment and stores which had been dis embarked on Cocos Island, on the ground that, as no steps had been taken to clear the vessel at the Costa Rican customs office, the material was contraband.

Naturally, there was a good deal of in dignation expressed in London, when a funny little country like Costa Rica was allowed to act in this “outrageous” man ner: but the British Government refused to interfere. It was quite clear from what had been done —or what had not been done —that Costa Rica had the law on its side.

Since the return of the Queen of Scots the organisers of the expedition have been doing their best to placate Costa Rica and secure permission to resume the search. But, of course, that is not easy.

Costa Rica holds the whip-hand; and in this case the whip-hand means a large portion of any treasure which may be recovered.

But a letter that was published In the London Daily Telegraph in August, 1934, from Admiral B. M. Chambers, has cast very grave doubt upon the whole story of the Cocos Island treasure.

The story is that, about 1820, Lima, a city of almost unbelievable riches, was

(Continued On Page 74.)

in danger of being raided; and that an enormous mass of gold and silver articles was placed for safe keeping upon a British vessel called the Mary Dier, under the command of Captain Thompson, in the belief that the English reputation for fair-dealing and honesty could always be trusted. The Mary Dier sailed away with the treasure; but the temptation was too much for Captain Thompson, and he and his men one night seized their passengers and murdered them; and the Mary Dier was eventually taken to Cocos Island, where 12 boat-loads of gold and silver were taken ashore and buried. It was estimated that the Mary Dier treasure was worth between £7,000,000 and £8,000,000.

Admiral Chambers has stated, in most emphatic manner, that he has devoted much time and industry to the investi gation of this story and he is convinced that it is completely a myth. He says that this “horrible act of piracy” is un known at the Peruvian Legation: it was

equally unknown in Peru, where he spent many months in the port of Callao, only 60 years after it was supposed to have occurred; it is not mentioned in any con tempory publication, in Spanish or Eng lish, although he examined many of them: neither the Registrar of Shipping nor Lloyd’s Register knows anything about a ship named the Mary Dier, or anything like it; the journal of Captain Basil Hall (H.M.S. Conway), written in 1820-22 at the time of the occupation of Lima by San Martine, contains nothing about the Mary Dier incident, but there is instead a statement that the treasures of the city were sent away into the interior.

In other words, says Admiral Chambers, there is not anywhere in official history a single word to support the story of the fabulous Cocos Island treasure —or the main section of it, at any rate.

For Fiji!

More Rich Uncles

Boom Must Benefit The Colony

THERE is every indication, as we go to press, of an increasing boom in the shares of the Fiji gold companies.

A number of people sound a cautious note; but their voices are quite over whelmed by the opinions of those who declare that this new goldfield in north ern Viti Levu is going to be proved enormously rich. The optimists insist that this is a “telluride” goldfield, which is of a character not known to the Aus tralian experts, but which is well known in western America, A further flutter has been caused by the action of a syndicate, comprising Messrs. William Borthwick (discoverer of the Tavua lode), P. and D. Costello, W. Lawler and Blair, in pegging an area of 2000 acres on the headwaters of the Waimanu River. This appears to be one of the tributaries of the Rewa and the area apparently is in the high country towards the centre of Viti Levu, and southwards of the Tavua field. It is re ported that the Aloha Syndicate, whose shares have gone to extraordinary values in Australia lately, is connected with the new area referred to.

It is difficult to keep track of all these Fiji companies and their jumping shares: and we certainly do not envy the Govern ment of Fiji, which has undertaken the task of separating the sheep from the goats, with a view to discovering wild cats!

It is reported in Melbourne that the interest of speculators in Fiji gold is so keen that a cloud of depression has fallen upon West Australian gold shares, which previously held the market.

We imagine that it is going to turn out badly for someone—probably for over optimistic speculators —but the boom cer tainly will benefit Fiji. Hundreds of people are rushing off to the Colony; and, even if they do not find the gold they expect, the money they spend in Suva and thereabouts will not do anyone any harm.

Wild Trading in Fiji Gold Co.'s

AUSTRALIAN stock exchange specu lators are still going crazy over Fiji gold-mine shares.

Further big leaps to large premiums marked trading in Loloma and Koroere, selected Fijian gold shares, on the Mel bourne exchange, early in May. Both are paid only to 3/-. Loloma jumped 3/9 to 45/- cash, while business was written at 46/- for six weeks’ delivery. Koroere rose 1/6 to 26/6.

Australian Gold Development, which will participate in the forthcoming Em peror flotation, advanced from £60 to £66, closing at £64. Two days later, they were selling at £68 and £70. The market expects that A.G.D. shareholders will have rights of subscription to at least 50 shares in the Emperor. Aloha Central and Viti Levu also regained some ground, but Fiji Mining Corporation was weaker.

In April, £10 shares in the Aloha Syndicate were sold in Melbourne at £170, £300, and £430!

The “Argus” said: Close on 20 Aus tralian companies are interested in areas in Fiji, chiefly Tova Tova, six miles from Tavua, on the island of Viti Levu, and

engineers who have inspected the Tavua area are impressed with its possibilities.

Apart from operations at the Emperor mine, on the western slope of Koroere Hill, which at present is privately owned, development work is still in the initial stages, and the vital question to be solved is whether the lodes which have returned rich assay values on the surface and at shallow levels, persist to any degree of depth and maintain their values. This can only be determined by the work un dertaken by the leading companies or oy diamond drilling. Chief interest is centred in operations of the Loloma and Koroere companies. The property of the former company adjoins the Emperor mine on the west side, and several lodes traverse the area.

New Islands Vessel

Contract Let for Union Co.’s M.V. Karu

THE Union Steam Ship Company of New Zealand Ltd. have placed a contract with Messrs. Hawthorne, Leslie and Co., Newcastle-on-Tyne, for the construction of their new cargo motor vessel Karu.

Delivery of the ship will be taken in twelve months ’time.

The Karu will be of 3900 tons, and will have accommodation for 40 passengers.

She will run between Auckland, Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa, being engaged in the fruit trade.

The vessel will be fitted with a 100 watts wireless telegraphy transmitter and receiver, designed and constructed in Aus tralia by Amalgamated Wireless (A/sia) Ltd. Details of the new ship were pub lished in the April issue of the “Pacific Islands Monthly.”

Messrs. Hawthorne, Leslie and Co, built the Union Co.’s cargo steamer Wainui in 1930. This vessel is now suc cessfully engaged in the Melbourne-New Zealand trade.

Fiji and N.Z.

“P.I.M.” Representative in Fiji and N.Z.

THE advertising manager of the “Pacific Islands Monthly,” Mr. Jack Debert, left Sydney in April by the Niagara for New Zealand and Fiji, and is at present in Suva. The circulation of the magazine in Fiji has grown steadily during recent years, and the object of Mr. Debert’s visit is to make better arrangements for distribution there, in view of developments brought about by the Fiji gold discoveries.

Interest in gold, and the continued improvement in the copra market, are causing rapid improvement in economic conditions in all the Territories.

Mr. Debert, in June, will spend a couple of weeks in New Zealand, and will return to Sydney on June 29.

Sir Thomas Henley, K.B.E., who has been prominent in Australian public life for over 30 years, fell from a ferry in Sydney Harbour on May 14, and was drowned. He will be remembered by many residents in New Guinea, Fiji, Samoa and Tonga, to which territories he made several visits. Sir Thomas Henley wrote four books dealing with the Pacific Islands: “Fiji. Land of Promise,”

“New Guinea,” “Australia’s Pacific Islands Mandates,” and “A Pacific Cruise.”

Primage Anomaly

p. 11

Officialdom “Pulls the Legs” of Territories’ Producers

THE planters of New Guinea and Papua, though residents of Aus tralian territories, are still being thrashed by the Commonwealth Department of Customs in the matter of primage duty; and, apparently, officialdom has no in tention of granting any relief.

Early in 1934 we directed attention to the fact that the products of Papua and New Guinea, when brought to Australia, were being made subject to primage duty, amounting in some cases to 6 per cent.

In other words. New Guinea and Papua were being treated in this matter as if they were foreign countries.

The Sydney Chamber of Commerce brought the anomaly under the notice of the Federal Government; and the Min ister responsible replied smoothly that the matter certainly would have attention when primage duties were being revised.

It was announced, early this year, that as from March 15, the products of the Territories imported to Australia would be subject to primage duty at the same rates as similar goods admitted under the British preferential tariff.

This appeared satisfactory. Islands merchants felt that, at long last, justice had been done.

But Australian officialdom merely was pulling the Territories’ collective leg!

There is practically no concession.

Importers of desiccated coconut, for in stance, found the tariff unchanged. The same applied to various other products, which are peculiar to the tropical islands.

Much perplexed, we applied to the Col lector of Customs, Sydney, for an ex planation, and were courteously supplied with copies of Customs Proclamations Nos. 288, 289, and 290. And there the whole plot was exposed!

Primage duty has been removed from, or reduced, on goods from Papua and New Guinea only when similar articles, which are “the produce or manufacture of Great Britain,” come in at concession rates under the British preferential tariff.

Britain does not produce desiccated coconut, or coffee, or rubber, or a score of similar things; and so such imports into Australia, from New Guinea and Papua, are treated still exactly as if they were the produce of foreign countries.

Could official fatuousness go further!

A grave injustice is being done to these Territories, so the fight must go on. The matter will be brought up at the next session of the Commonwealth Govern ment; and we suppose that more months will pass while we are trying to induce some bored and weary Minister to give it attention.

Meanwhile the Legislative Councils of Papua and New Guinea could help along the good work by taking some official notice of the subject.

Mr. A. R. Lowell, very well known in Papua, where he was at one time a member of the Public Service, died on April 15 at Port Moresby Hospital, fol lowing a long illness. Before going to Papua, he was for some years a barris ter of the Inner Temple, London.

Mr. E. H, Griffiths, manager of the C.S.R. Co.’s mill at Penang, has returned to Fiji after a lengthy stay at the Bel vedere Guest House, Sydney.

Dyott Expedition Will Explore

p. 11

In Search Of The

“Devil-Pig”

Dyott Expedition Will Explore Sepik Country

PLANS are practically complete for the expedition led by Commander G. M.

Dyott to depart from England and pro ceed to New Guinea to spend a year in scientific research in the Sepik River country, says a Melbourne newspaper.

Besides making a plane table survey of the country traversed, the party will study the primitive culture of the Sepik tribes. It is stated that the expedition hopes to obtain conclusive evidence of the existence of the “devil-pig,” a gra minivorous animal with cloven feet.

This strange creature is greatly feared by Sepik natives, but so far only its tracks have been seen by white men.

Captain C. A. W. Monckton, a former New Guinea official, makes reference to the mysterious animal in his book “Recollections of a New Guinea Magis trate.”

The expedition, which has the support of the Royal Geographical Society and the goodwill of the Commonwealth Government, will include Mr. Dyott, two English explorers, and Mr. H. L. Wil liams, an Australian anthropologist. The collections made while the party is in the Mandated Territory will be divided be tween the Pitt River’s Museum at Oxford, England, and scientific institutions in Australia.

Dutch New Guinea

p. 11

Many Plans for Development

UNDER the encouragement of the Dutch Government, there is much activity, proceeding and planned, in connection with the development of the rich but gen erally unknown resources of Dutch New Guinea.

We are informed that several com panies have either sent representatives to the Territory, or are getting ready to do so, in order to investigate possibilities of settlement, planting, goldmining, oil discovery, etc.

The well-known Dutch scientist, Dr.

W. C. Klein, representative of the New Guinea Committee established at The Hague a couple of years ago to assist the development of Dutch New Guinea, ar rived in Port Moresby at the end of April, in order to carry out a study of economic conditions in both Papua and the Man dated Territory of New Guinea, with a view to acquiring data which will be of use to his Committee.

Dr. Klein went on in the Dutch steamer to Rabaul, chief town of New Guinea.

He is accompanied by Mr. S. van Oosten, who has spent a year in studying New Guinea data at the Royal Colonial Insti tute in Amsterdam. They will remain a month in Rabaul and thence will proceed to the Morobe goldfields; and, after a few weeks there, will settle down for a fur ther period in Port Moresby.

Mr. and Mrs. C. W. Southey, of Vuni samaloa, Ba, Fiji, returned to Suva by the Niagara at the end of April, after residing for a month at Belvedere Guest House, Darlinghurst. While in Sydney Mr. Southey suffered from a serious attack of duodenal ulcers, which delayed his return to Fiji.

How Civilization is

pp. 11-12

Menaced Opinions of J. H. Curie, World Traveller, Who is About to Visit New Guinea

NEW GUINEA and Papua, in the coming month, will be examined by the wise eye of Mr. J. H. Curie, famous writer of travel books, who has travelled one and a half million miles during his lifetime, and has looked into every hole and corner of this old earth. He leaves by the “Macdhui” this month to see personally “the romance of the Morobe goldfield.”

Those who meet Mr. Curie will hear some fascinating comment upon human kind and the probable future of the world.

“I sometimes try to picture this world as it will be a thousand years hence,” he said, to the Editor of the Pacific Islands Monthly, “and the mental picture makes me sick with horror. Mankind is doing so much to control the forces of nature, and so little to control itself. Unless something is done to prevent the rapid inter-breeding of races, I can see a world completely populated, in a few hundred years, by a crinkly-haired, chocolate coloured people, with some attractive physical characteristics, but with mental and moral standards very different to the standards set up by the great nations of to-day.”

Mr. Curie has just arrived in Sydney from South America; and he had pointed comment to make about the racial mix tures which he has studied during his various visits to that continent.

“In Brazil, for instance, one sees some ten millions of African negroes, the des cendants of slaves, rapidly breeding in with the Brazilians, who themselves are a mixture of Portuguese and South Ameri can Indian races. Imagine the Brazilian population of a few hundred years hence!”

Mr. Curie believes that another great European war is inevitable, and it will come soon; and its effect on European civilisation will be calamitous. It will be largely a war between aerial navies, and the destruction which will be wrought by bombs from aeroplanes will be something that at present almost baffles description.

Such a calamity—and it is almost upon us —will destroy much of European civi lisation as we know it now; yet this mad ness of “nationalism” is driving steadily on to war.

“This madness of nationalism,” which Mr. Curie regards as a threat to our present civilisation is largely the creation of the great “popular” newspapers—con cerns which, for the most part, are largely over-capitalised, and which in conse quence bend all their energies and thought to the making of dividends, and subvert to that end the primary purpose of news papers, which is to lead and mould public opinion. “They sacrifice all considerations to that of gaining circulation,” he said.

“Their main and indeed only purpose is to excite the people, whip up public in terest, so that newspapers may be bought; and how easy it is to do this by scares, alarms and excursions in international politics.

“Ninety per cent, of the civilised peoples of the earth do not want wars,” he con tinued. “They want only peace and com parative comfort and freedom from anxiety. And how easy it would be to

create such a world, now that science has come in such large measure to our aid.

There are a number of international so cieties, working to that end; yet all their efforts, over a period of years, can be destroyed in a day by one pin-headed, irresponsible newspaper proprietor, trying to work up circulation with an ill informed, sensational article playing on national or racial prejudices.

“No,” he went on, in reply to the obvious question. “I can see no remedy for it. What individual or government will dare to interfere with ‘the liberty of the press’—even although the press—or a section of it —is drivng the world to self destruction!”

Islands

Smuggling In The

One Effect of New Hebrides Tariff

SMUGGLING appears to be a lost art in the world nowadays. International commerce is too closely checked, and borders and frontiers too closely guarded.

A little smuggling still goes on, but its volume is very small indeed compared with what is was 100 years ago.

The widely scattered territories of the Pacific, however, with their innumerable tariffs and countless small traders voyag ing from group to group, still offer op portunities for this form of enterprise, and a good deal of smuggling goes on in this area.

It is practically impossible to stop it.

There are about 14 separate and distinct administrations in the Pacific, and most of them are small and without facilities for keeping an adequate guard over their boundaries.

For many years, until recently, the cus toms duties imposed in these territories were negligible and, therefore, the smuggler had few chances to apply his craft. But in more recent times, since the depression created difficulties in the balancing of budgets, new tariffs have been imposed and existing tariffs have been increased, and there is little doubt that a number of people who have no respect for fiscal laws are reaping a modest harvest.

An example of this comes under notice in relation to the New Hebrides. Wher ever French governments rule, one finds ferocious tariffs, and the New Hebrides are no exception. There is a general tariff there of 12 per cent, ad valorem, but extra special duties are placed on such articles as whisky and cartridges.

Why this tariff has been placed on cart ridges is difficult to understand, for am munition is practically a necessity in that group. The effect is as might have been expected. Excellent cartridges are made in Australia and there is no doubt that very considerable consignments are pur chased in Australian ports, and are smuggled by devious ways into the New Hebrides, where they are sold at rates •which, while much under those obtaining in the main stores, still return a substan tial profit to tlje smugglers.

Probably as a result of this paragraph, the New Hebrides authorities will try to stop this traffic. We think that in the circumstances this is impossible. The only way to check smuggling is to re move oppressive duties—and that should be done in the case of cartridges in the New Hebrides.

Islands Wedding

Mr. Noel Owers—Miss Catherine

Mary Walsh.

BEAUTIFUL indeed was the setting for the marriage of Catherine, eldest daughter of Mrs.

A. Walsh, of the Gladstone Hotel, Leichhardt, to Mr. Noel T. Owers, of New Guinea Goldfields Ltd., Wau, New Guinea, and only son of Mr. and Mrs. Donald Owers, of The Boulevarde, Lewi sham. The wedding was on Saturday morning, May 11, at St. Thomas’ Church, Lewisham, Sydney.

The high altar and sanctuary were massed with a profusion of exquisite white flowers and the lighted candles of the candelabra, intermingled with the incense, made a beautiful picture. Posies of white flowers, tied with butterfly bows of tulle, marked the pews reserved for the guests.

Entering the church on the arm of her brother, Mr. E. S. Walsh, to the strains of the “Wedding March,” the bride won little gasps of admiration in her classic gown of white and silver brocade, made on long trained lines, over which fell a point lace veil, over 50 years old, loaned by her aunt, Mrs. J. A. Burke. This was held in place by a coronet of orange blossoms, and, in her hand, she carried a mother-of-plearl missal —a truly beautiful and unusual one —from which trailed a lei of lily-of-the-valley.

In attendance were the Misses Molly Walsh and Elma Owers, in charming gowns of Marina blue brocade, worn with large lemon felt hats, and shower bouquets of golden roses. Diamante brace lets, the gifts of the bridegroom, completed a lovely group. The bridegroom was attended by Mr. John McNamara as best man and Mr. Leslie McEnally as groomsman.

After the ceremony, immediate relatives were entertained at the bride’s home, Mrs. Walsh re ceiving the guests, assisted by Mrs. Owers, senr.

In the evening a reception was held at the Pick wick Club, where 70 guests were received by Mrs.

Walsh in a gown of violet sand crepe, and matching hat and silver fox furs. Mrs. Owers, senr., who was gowned in soft dove-grey crepe, carried a posy of red Radiance roses.

After a short honeymoon Mr. and Mrs. Owers will sail by the “Montoro” on May 22 for Wau, New Guinea, where they will make their future home.

The Charming Bride —Photo by Falk Studio.

Appeal

Mr. O. F. Nelson’S Exile

From Samoa

English Privy Council Refuses Appeal

THE Privy Council, England, has dis missed Mr. O. F. Nelson’s appeal against the verdict given in June last year by the Full Court of New Zealand, upholding the sentence of 10 years’ exile from Western Samoa.

Convicted of sedition by the High Court of Samoa, Mr. Nelson was sentenced in March, 1934, to eight months’ imprison ment and 10 years’ banishment. He appealed to the N.Z. Full Court, which quashed the gaol sentence, but allowed the sentence of exile to stand.

Mr. Nelson, who is now living in New Zealand, made a final appeal to the Privy Council in London, and it is this appeal that has just been refused.

Prominent Islanders Receive

Jubilee Medals

ON May 6, to commemorate the 25th anniversary of His Majesty King George’s ascension to the throne of England, thousands of British citizens throughout the Empire were awarded a special medal, bearing Their Majesties’ portrait, for services rendered to their country.

Prominent officials in the Pacific terri tories under Australian control who re ceived Jubilee medals were Brigadier- General W. R. McNicoll (Administrator of New Guinea), Judge D. S. Wanliss (Chief Justice of New Guinea), Sir Hubert Murray, K.C.M.G., C.B.E. (Lieu tenant-Governor of Papua), Captain C.

R. Pinney, M.C. (Administrator of Nor folk Is.), and Commander R, C. Garsia (Administrator of Nauru).

Other recipients included: New Guinea: J. A. Andrew, E. T. Bren nan (Director of Health), R. L. Clark (President, N.G. Branch of the R.S.S.

I.L.A.), G. G. Hogan (Crown Law Officer), H. H. Page (Government Secretary), N.

Penglase (A.D.O.), Judge F. B. Phillips, W. B. Prior (Warrant Officer), J. L. Tay lor (A.D.O.), Gordon Thomas, Colonel J.

Walstab, Mrs. E. J. Wauchope (Awar Plantation, Madang), and A. Worman (Police Constabulary).

Papua; H. W. Champion (Government Secretary), Dr. W. E. Giblin (Govern ment Medical Officer), Hon. J. G, Nelsson (Non-Official Member of Legislative Council), and Right Rev. Henry Newton (Bishop of New Guinea).

Norfolk Island: T. Adams (Methodist Home Mission), F. R. M. Crozier (Presi dent of Executive Council), E. Christian (Vice-President of Executive Council), and Councillor E. C. Robinson.

Residents of New Guinea will be pleased to learn that Brigadier-General Thomas Griffiths, C.M.G., C.B8.E., D.S.O., former Administrator of New Guinea, who is now living in Victoria, was not forgotten. Three other persons, now liv ing in Australia, were also awarded medals for their services to three dif ferent Islands territories: Mrs. Elizabeth Mahony (formerly of Sudest Is., Papua), Brigadier-General E. A. Wisdom, C.B., C.M.G., D.S.O. (at one time Adminis trator of New Guinea), and Mr. W. A.

Newman (former Administrator of Nauru).

Tropicalities

p. 13

THAT Pacific prototype of Trader Horn, Henry Dexter, left Papua last year with money in his pocket and joy in his over-youthful heart. He was counting the days until he could reach England—“a kindly green country, with no fever, where one could get cool.” Alas for human hopes! Henry Dexter finds that all his old friends are gone, all his old sailing clubs are in the hands of a new genera tion, and that the English climate is atrocious. He is sitting over a “damned radiator,” bitterly envying the man who bought his trade-store in Milne Bay. “If you don’t see me back in the Pacific within six months you can reasonably assume that I am dead,” writes Henry, under date of March 17. * * * A WORLD wanderer with an interesting personality arrived in Sydney recently —Colonel Gouzy, a distinguished French soldier and explorer. Colonel Gouzy has spent many years in Africa, which great continent he appears to know well from Algiers to Cape Town. He has been recently in French Oceania, and he now is on his way across Central Australia to Darwin.

In making his way back from the Tua motus to Tahiti on a native schooner, Colonel Gouzy had a unique experience.

It rained pitilessly one night, and the 40 natives aboard, who usually slept on deck, crowded into the one cabin below.

Colonel Gouzy liked their company well enough, but the odour of packed hu manity was more than he could bear, and he returned on deck, into the rain.

There the roving eye of the experienced explorer noticed one solitary shelter near the stern —the common “convenience.” He examined it and found it weatherproof.

Inside, there was a Polynesian whe seemed anxious to remain there. The Colonel prowled about the deck, awaiting his chance; but, becoming thoroughly wet and numbed from cold, he pulled the native out of the little house and ensconced himself there, with his coat wrapped around his shivering body. He spent the night in this unusual resting place. He admitted that it was a "situation extraordinaire,” and he said that whatever sanitation experts might argue, he found it preferable to the conditions in the packed cabin. * * * IF ever there was a journalistic Jack-in the-box it is our friend Marc. T.

Greene, American world-wanderer, who regularly bobs up in the most unexpected places. Some two years ago, he was in Tahiti; then he appeared as a correspon dent among the contending armies in China; next he was in Sydney; then he went to Samoa, where his breezy articles stirred various worthy gentlemen to frenzy: from there he went to U.S.A., and spent some time in Boston and New York.

Now comes a cheery letter, dated March 4, from Buenos Aires, and a copy of a daily newspaper of that city, wherein the provocative views of M.T.G. are clearly set forth. We can only hope that the fiery Argentines do not slay him. He writes: “This is a breath-taking city, this Buenos Aires —two and a half millions of people from all over the world here to make money—if they can. The size and magnificence of the place would seem to indicate that some has been made by somebody, and even now there is the ap

pearance of far more prosperity here than in most cities. Before coming here I was in Rio de Janeiro, which is beautiful as a dream—all that has been said of it and more. I expect to return there presently for a longer stay.” * * * A FEW years ago a man now prominent in Suva was manager of a firm in Levuka. In his employ as a packer was a European who owned a herd of cows, and supplemented his packer’s wages by supplying milk to the townsfolk. The manager was one of his customers.

One morning, the manager’s wife found an extraordinary little creature in the milk. They thought at first it was an overgrown microbe; but their servant diagnosed it expertly as a freshwater prawn, which swarm in the Fijian creeks.

The manager grimly wrapped the body in a piece of paper and strode off to his office. He summoned his packer-milkman.

“We found this in the milk this morn ing,” he said. “Can you explain it?”

“What is it?” asked the packer.

“It is a prawn,” declaimed the manager.

“Well, isn’t that remarkable!” said the packer. “I am very glad to have this. I am just sick and tired of telling those boys of mine that they must not use the water from the creek.” * * * THE Melbourne “Herald,” for some time, has been carrying on a campaign with the object of getting legislation to compel mining companies to issue to their shareholders periodical reports of opera tions, such reports to be in language intelligible to the layman.

The Melbourne paper is to be con gratulated. If ever a reform were needed in connection with the share-selling business, this is the one. In recent years there have been hundreds of small com panies, in one form or another, floated in

Australia to prosecute the search for gold in the Pacific territories; but it is quite impossible to keep track of them. A very few of them get beyond the stage of optimism and share-selling—the rest just disappear, and the unfortunate share holders do not know anything about their fate —not even enough to justify a few tears over their demise. This magazine for the past three years has been trying to keep track of the various syndicates companies, etc., which have been formed to seek gold in the Islands; but it is a hopeless task. And there is more than a suspicion that a considerable propor tion of the reports that are issued are deliberately couched in language that no one can really understand. * * * GERMANY’S plea for the return of her colonies, so that she may be given a source of raw materials, and scope for her colonising enterprise, grows steadily more insistent. During the month, a new note was added to the discussion.

Sir Abe Bailey, the South African min ing magnate, in a strongly-worded letter in the London “Daily Telegraph,” said: “Germany lost her colonies by a just verdict of the sword. The Power which imposed on prostrate Russia and Roumania the ruthless treaties of Brest-Litovsk and Bucharest has no right to protest against the terms of the so-called dictated peace.”

It is a not untimely reminder of an aspect of the Great War which many of us have forgotten. When the Prussian had his foot on the neck of Russia and Roumania, and thought he was winning the war, he showed very little of the con sideration he now is asking for, in a revision of the Versailles settlement.

Still, two wrongs do not make right, even in international affairs. * * * THE death has taken place at Te Kuiti (New Zealand) of Hotu, a well-known Maori identity, who caused a sensation some years ago by coming alive at his own tangi. He had been “dead” for four days, and was about to be buried when he awakened, enraged, to find that all his pigs had been slain for the feasting of the numerous visitors.

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About Islands People

pp. 14-16

Dr. J. C. Beaglehole, who did post graduate work at Yale University last year under Professor Peter H. Buck, is now at Puka Puka, in the Northern Cook Group, where he intends spending six months carrying out ethnological research.

Dr. Beaglehole is a graduate of Victoria University College, of Wellington, New Zealand. His recently published volume, “Exporation of the Pacific” has been favourably reviewed in England, America, and Australia.

Professor and Mrs. Peter H. Buck, of the Bishop Museum, returned to Honolulu by the last trip of the Monterey. The pro fessor received a warm welcome in his native New Zealand, especially from his old friends of the Auckland Savage Club, who made him a presentation of an illu minated address. Accompanied by Sir Apirana Ngata, he visited his native Maori people at Urenui, in the Taranaki district, which he always makes a point of doing when re-visiting New Zealand.

Mr. N. A. Pyne, formerly of Tonga, who was driven out of that territory by the depression a couple of years ago, is now doing very well in business in Sydney.

He took over a factory called Panels Ltd.,

producing veneers and panels, and has benefited considerably in the general business recovery in Australia.

Mr. A. E. Lee returned by the Macdhui in May to Bulolo Gold Dredging Co.’s camp, on the Morobe goldfield, New Guinea, after leave in Australia, Mr. F. J. Giles, of the N.G. Public Health Department, arrived in Sydney with his wife on six months’ long leave by the April Montoro from New Guinea.

Rev. George H. West, who has been with the Melanesian Mission since 1913, left Sydney to return to his work at Santa Cruz and the Reef Islands, Solo mons Group, by the Malaita on April 18.

He had been in Australia on short fur lough.

Mr. R. St. George Ryder, formerly man ager of Messrs. Morris Hedstrom’s branch at Devuka, Fiji, has been transferred to the head office at Suva.

Mr. J. H. Curie, world-famous as an author of fascinating travel books, in tends to make an early visit to the New Guinea goldfield, and it is just pos sible that he will tell the fascinating story of that new industry and com munity. He has referred to the activities of the Bulolo Gold Dredging Co., and of Guinea Airways Ltd., as one of the greatest romances of its kind in the world. Mr. Curie, as well as being a writer, is a highly qualified mining en gineer.

Mr. G. H. Murray, Director of Agricul ture in New Guinea, accompanied by Mrs.

Murray, left Sydney by the Mariposa on May 1, for America and Europe, Mr. Mur ray will spend some time in Hawaii, where he will examine the results of the entomological researches carried out un der the auspices of combined sugar planters of Hawaii.

Mr. W. R. Woods, general manager of the Malayta Co., Ltd., Sydney, departed by the Malaita for Solomon Islands on April 18. He will make the round tour, visiting all the Malayta Co.’s branches in the Group.

Rev. and Mrs. Alfred Mason, Mela nesian missionaries at North Mala, Solomon Islands, returned for further work at their station by the April Malaita.

Dr. D. C. M. Macpherson recently re turned to Fiji after an absence of 18 months spent in study and travel in the United States and Great Britain. Dr.

Macpherson is well known in the South Pacific as a Government Medical Officer in the Gilbert and Ellice Islands, and was awarded a Fellowship by the International Health Division of the Rockefeller Founda tion in 1933. He has now been trans ferred to the Colony of Fiji, where he is presently to take charge of the Central Medical School at Suva.

Mr. M. Crocker, Inspector and Instruc tor of the Department of Agriculture in New Guinea, recently arrived in New South Wales on four months’ furlough.

Mr. H. L. Downing, Assistant District Officer in the New Guinea Administration, left Sydney for Rabaul by the May Macdhui.

Mr. C. O'Sullivan, of New Guinea Gold fields Ltd. staff at Golden Ridges, return ed to New Guinea by the Macdhui on May 2.

Mr. J. Nason Jones, Guinea Gold’s well known prospector and explorer, returned to Papua with his wife by the Macdhui on May 2, after furlough in Australia since January.

Right Rev. Henry Newton, D.D., Bishop of New Guinea, has announced that he will retire from the New Guinea Mission at the end of the year. His Lordship has completed over 30 years of mission work in Papua and New Guinea. He joined the New Guinea Mission staff 16 years ago; and, later, was elected Bishop of Carpentaria. In 1921 he was translated from the Diocese of Carpentaria to be Bishop of New Guinea, and, with head quarters at Samarai, he has served in Papua ever since.

Miss Mollie Hodge, who has charge of the Methodist Girls’ School at Salamo, Papua, returned to Port Moresby by the Macdhui from Sydney on May 2.

Rev. H. T. Shotton, M.A., arrived in Sydney by the Macdhui from Papua on April 16. With his wife and son, he went on to Victoria where they will spend their furlough. After a brief visit to Tas mania, Mr. Shotton will return to the Methodist Mission at Kiriwina, Papua.

Mr. H. Morris Smith, assistant secretary and accountant, and Mr. R. M. Buik, auditor, of Guinea Airways Ltd., left Sydney by the May Macdhui for Papua.

They caught their company’s big Ford passenger ’plane at Port Moresby and flew across to Guinea Airways Ltd’s headquarters at Lae, New Guinea.

Mr. G. M. Rodger, of the Malayta Co.

Ltd., Sydney, left by the Malaita on April 18, for Cape Marsh, Solomon Islands. He will visit all his company’s branches in the group and return to Australia in August.

Mr. Pat Costello, one of the pioneers of the Fiji gold industry, returned to Suva by the Mariposa early in May after a business visit to Melbourne.

Miss Inez E. Foulcher, returned to Fiji by the Niagara on April 26. She is principal of the girls’ school at Matavelo, which is conducted by the Methodist Missionary Society.

Mr. H. B. Jamieson and Mr. H. G. Hyde, directors of Sandy Creek Gold Sluicing Ltd., left Sydney by the Macdhui at the beginning of May for their company’s property near Wau, New Guinea. Mr. M.

Crookshanks, mining engineer, accom panied them to carry out testing opera tions on the Sandy Creek leases.

Dr. L. A. Andrews, accompanied by his wife, arrived in Sydney en route to Europe by the Mariposa from Tonga via Fiji on April 25. He has been assistant Government medical officer at Haapai and, later, Nukualofa for several years, and has now retired on pension. Before going to Tonga, Mr. Andrews was for many years attached to the C.S.R. Co’s, staff in Fiji, and later was in the service

of the Vancouver Fiji Sugar Co. at Navua.

On their return from the continent he and his wife will reside in Sydney.

Lady Murray, wife of the Papuan Ad ministrator, returned to Port Moresby by the Macdhui on May 2, after a holiday visit to Australia.

Mr. A. E. Allman left Sydney by the Malaita on April 18 for Makambo, Solo mon Islands. He recently joined the staff of Messrs. Burns Philp (S.S.) Ltd. and will be stationed at Makambo as book keeper.

Mr. R. R. Anson, of Fiji, arrived in Sydney with his wife and two children by the Mariposa on April 23, On behalf of the Cotton Growing Association, Mr.

Anson has been experimenting with cotton plants for a number of years at Sigatoka.

He was able to evolve a new type of cotton which is thought to be most ap plicable to Fiji conditions. Having com pleted his work in the Colony Mr. Anson has now been transferred to the Sudan.

Mr. Peter Radcliffe, New Guinea pros pector and explorer, left Sydney for Papua by the Macdhui on May 2. He returned to Port Moresby and then set off into the interior for the Tauri area, where he is supervising operations for Golden Stream N.L.

Mr. W. J. Candler, travelling inspector for Messrs. Gillespie Bros. Ltd., the well known manufacturers of Anchor flour, Sydney, returned from New Guinea by the Tanda in April, and will leave shortly on a business trip to Fiji.

Mr. G. R. Robertson, manager of the Colonial Sugar Refining Co.’s mill at Lautoka, returned to Fiji by the April Niagara after furlough. Other C.S.R. officials who returned to the Colony on the Niagara after leave spent in Austra lia were Mr. and Mrs. G. A. L. Zillman (of Penang), Mr. and Mrs. W. F. Greenwood (of Lautoka), and Mr. and Mrs. L. C. Sey mour.

Mr. John Dalton, of the prospecting staff of Placer Development Ltd v re turned to Bulolo, New Guinea, by the Macdhui on May 2.

Mrs. Ove Hertz, better known to many as Mrs. Eileen Whiteman, has been seriously ill in the Namanula hospital, New Guinea, for several weeks. Latest reports indicate that her condition has improved.

Miss Juliette Bernard, of the Shell Co., was in Melbourne recently on her way to France to spend her annual furlough with her sister in Paris. She is a mem ber of the Shell Go’s, staff at Noumea, New Caledonia.

Mr. Arthur J. Vogan, well-known traveller and writer on Pacific affairs, sailed from Sydney for Suva by the Niagara at the end of April. He will pursue his archaelogical investigations in the Colony.

Dr. Northcote Deck, who for 20 years was a missionary in the Solomon Islands for the South Seas Evangelical Mission, recently returned to Australia from Eng land. He is now deputation secretary of the mission, residing at Gordon, N.S.W.

For many years he was captain of the mission ship “Evangel” in the Solomons.

Dr. Deck was the first white man to cross the then cannibal island of Malaita and, for his exploratory work in the group, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society.

Miss Smythe, who was for many years in charge of the C.S.R. Go’s, rest-house at Lautoka, Fiji, is now living in retire ment at Belvedere Guest House, Darling hurst, N.S.W.

Mr. C. W. Mann, M.A., left Sydney for Suva, Fiji, by the Mariposa on May 1.

He has been awarded a grant by the Carnegie Trust, America, to make a close investigation of the problem of education in Fiji. Mr. Mann will work in co operation with the Fiji Government.

Rev. N. H. Wright, B.A., Methodist Missionary among the Indians at Ba, Fiji, will leave Suva shortly for Auck land, New Zealand, on two months’ sick leave.

Rev. Stephen Lehner, Superintendent of the Lutheran Mission (Neuendettelsau.

Mission Society) at Finschafen, recently left New Guinea on extended furlough by the “Friderun” for Hongkong and Europe.

He has been in the Mandated Territory for 32 years, and is a noted authority on matters pertaining to the country, its natives, and their culture. His place has been taken by Rev. William Flierl, son of Rev. John Flierl, D.D., founder and first Superintendent of the mission, and who is now living in retirement in South Aus tralia. The new Superintendent, who re ceived his theological training in Ger many and America, was formerly in charge of the native seminary at Helds bach, New Guinea.

Mr. H. Hawker, of the mechanical staff of the “Rabaul Times,” New Guinea, has arrived in Sydney on furlough. He is being relieved by Mr. E. Palmer (on leave from the Halstead Printing Co., Ltd., Syd ney), who will spend six months in Ra baul.

Mr. F. Fournier, a geologist, who is attached to the prospecting staff of Placer Development Ltd., returned to Bulolo, New Guinea on May 2, after furlough in Aus tralia. While in Sydney Mr. Fournier was married to Miss Jean MacDearmid, who. recently arrived in Australia from Van couver, Canada.

Brigadier-General E. A. Wisdom, C.B., C.M.G., D.S.O., returned to Sydney by the Macdhui from Papua on April 17. He left immediately for Melbourne to report to his co-directors of Lakekamu Gold fields (Papua) Development, N.L., the results of his tour of inspection of the areas held by them on the Lakekamu field.

Sister Mary Ignatius returned to Buin on the southern coast of Bougainville Island, New Guinea, by the April Malaita. She has completely recovered from her illness which necessitated a 16 months’ health rest in Australia. For over 25 years she has been attached to the Marist mission station at Buin.

Mr. B. G. Edgell, of Messrs. Edgell and Whiteley, proprietors of Pak plan tations, Manus, New Guinea, arrived in Sydney in April on furlough after spend ing some months in the East. He is spending a few weeks in Australia before returning to the territory.

Mr. G. Fulton, who was general man ager in Sydney for several years for Messrs. Lever’s Pacific Plantations Pty.

Ltd. and who now has retired, left for England at the end of April. He intends to spend the next few years in Europe.

Mr. H. W. G. Nobbs, who is a director of Messrs. Holbrooks (A/sia) Ltd., ac companied by Mrs. Nobbs, will leave by the m.v. Malaita on May 30, on a tour of the Solomon Islands and New Guinea.

They will spend a few days in Rabaul and will return to Sydney by the Mac dhui.

Mr. Sydney Nobbs, of Norfolk Island, who has been in Australia on a holiday visit for some weeks, will leave Sydney for Lord Howe Island by the Morinda on June 8.

Mr. Wallace E. Hayes has been ap pointed a director of Edie Options Ltd., a Melbourne company formed to seek gold in New Guinea.

Advertisements & other items, pp. 15-18 (2 items)

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Death Penalty

p. 18

For Murderer of A.D.O.

McDonald

From Our Own Correspondent.

RABAUL, April 18 CHIEF Judge D. S. Wanliss yesterday sentenced to death the former native constable Sipei, who was found guilty of the murder of A.D.O. Edward Colin Mc- Donald at Ambunti, at the end of Feb ruary.

It was disclosed during the hearing of the case that McDonald arrived at Am bunti from Angoram on February 24, with a native constable named Bei. The follow ing day Acting Patrol Officer Hepburn arrived by the Govt. schooner Thetis, and went into quarters at the Patrol Officer’s bungalow, where the deceased was already in residence.

Just after dawn of the morning of the 28th., Hepburn heard a report coming from McDonald’s room, and immediately after heard the A.D.O. cry, “My God, I’m shot.” Hepburn jumped out of bed and ran into McDonald’s room. He saw at a glance that McDonald was fatally wound ed and dashed out of the room in time to see a native in police uniform dis appearing around the kitchen corner. He gave chase, calling to the figure to stop; but the native continued on and climbed down the slope of a cliff.

Hepburn returned to McDonald, who

was unconscious; medical assistance was sent for, but the A.D.O. died shortly after wards.

The accused pleaded provocation and gave evidence, corroborated in some in stances by fellow police-boys, to the effect that the deceased had assaulted him after an argument. It was alleged that after the assault the accused was made to travel in a canoe, towed behind the launch for three days. Another incident, an un successful claim for a dog by Sipei was also mentioned. These incidents, the de fence claimed, constituted a series of in dignities which led up to the accused first planning suicide, and then the mur der of the deceased and his own suicide.

Sipei in his evidence tendered a full confession of the crime, and described his attempted suicide, first by stabbing with a small knife and then by throwing himself from a tree which rendered him unconscious.

After carefully weighing the evidence, His Honour the Chief Judge returned a verdict of guilty and later passed a sen tence of death upon the accused.

Mr. Maunsell-Turner appeared for the Crown and Mr. F. W. Mantle A.D.O.

Rabaul, for the defence.

In Search Of Gold

p. 18

Two Adventurers Sail for Papua in 32-ft. Yawl

Gitana II., a 32ft. sturdily built cruising yacht with an eight horsepower auxiliary engine, manned by two young farm hands, sailed from Williams town, Victoria, on April 25 for a cruise of the Western Pacific in search of gold.

Becoming weary of life on a farm at Port Albert, the two adventurers, J. R.

Vicary and R. B. Moffat, decided to seek their fortune in Papua. Neither has had much experience with the sea, but they both have been studying navigation and sailing since the Gitana II. was launched at the end of last year.

They intend to sail to Lord Howe Island, then make north-east for the Louisade Archipelago, Papua. At Misima Island they will be joined by Captain G. Pent land, and then will set off to conduct a gold search among the surrounding islands.

Copra Price In Northern

p. 18

Cooks

From Our Own Correspondent.

Rarotonga, April 19.

MR. SAM BENNETT, former co-manager of Rarotonga’s leading store, re cently returned from furlough to take over control of Messrs. A. B. Donald and Co.’s interests in the Cook Islands. Alive to the problems of “depression trading,” Man ager Bennett plans to increase business by a rigid internal economy and closer co-operation between local firms for the purpose of securing mutual benefits.

Raising the price of copra to £2/6/8 per ton in the Northern Islands of the Group, one of his first moves was to make it quite clear that this amount would be subject to the £1 per ton tax which is to be re introduced on July 1. Executives have formerly taken into account any taxation before fixing prices and, consequently, a large number of native growers remained ignorant of the existence of such.

Fiji Butter

p. 19

Remarkable Growth of Tropical Dairying Industry

ACCORDING to articles which have been published in the New Zealand newspapers, dairy farming is proceeding very satisfactorily in Fiji.

At Navua, a three hours’ journey by launch from Suva, there is a 10,000 acres pastoral farm, where 1000 Friesian and Jersey cows yield about 250,000 lbs. of butter annually. There is a European manager, butter-maker, and herd-tester: the rest of the labour is supplied by 100 Indian employees. The farm also carries 300 fat cattle, for the Fiji butcheries, and 500 pigs, which are fattened on the skimmed milk—and both are profitable side-lines.

For some years, until recently, this and other dairying farms exported butter; but now regulations restricting the impor tation of edible oils make it necessary to devote the whole butter production' to the local market. The surplus is made into ghee for the increasing Indian population of Fiji.

It is said that this Navua establish ment is the biggest dairy farm under one manager in the world.

A resident of Fiji writes to us, to com plain that the publicity given in the New Zealand newspapers to the Navua farm conveys a wrong impression. On the figures quoted, he says, the farm should be profitable: but the £1 shares of the Fiji Pastoral Co. may be bought for 2/-.

On appearances, argues our correspond ent, the Navua concern is not making satisfactory profits.

“There may be some other explana tion,” adds the writer. “The only other butter factory in Fiji is paying its sup pliers 4d. per pound more for butter fat than is being paid by the Navua concern.”

Clashing Currencies

p. 19

The Position in the New Hebrides

THE extraordinary position created in the New Hebrides by clashing cur rencies continues. Some extraordinary re sults have come under our notice.

The fare on the Dutch steamer Van Rees (which runs from Port Moresby to Rabaul and thence through the New Hebrides and New Caledonia to Sydney) is £22 Australian for the trip from Rabaul to Sydney; but if the traveller joins the Van Rees at Vila he pays for his fare to Sydney 1670 francs, which is equal to £29 in Australian currency. That is to say, for a voyage which is six days less than the voyage from Rabaul to Sydney he pays £6 or £7 more. If the traveller joins the

Van Rees in Noumea for Sydney, he will pay a fare of 1250 francs which in Aus tralian money is slightly more than £20.

That is to say, he pays for about half the voyage about the same fare as for the full voyage from Rabaul to Sydney. This, of course, is not the fault of the Dutch com pany—it is compelled to fix its fares in the currency of the ports from which the boat sails; but the effect is often quaint.

A Sydney business man recently travelled from Sydney back to Sydney on what is called the “flying trip” of the French steamer Laperouse, whose route was Syd ney — Noumea — Vila — Santo — Sydney, occupying 14 days. He paid for this in francs, the equivalent of £61/8/- in Australian currency. The B.P. steamer, mak ing practically the same voyage, but call ing at Lord Howe and Norfolk Islands, instead of Noumea, and also at many New Hebrides ports, and being absent at least four weeks, charges £36 for practically the same round trip.

Mrs. J. B. Bruce, the editor and pub lisher of the “Norfolk Island Times,’’ had her interesting work described at length in a recent article in the “Sydney Morn ing Herald.” The “N.I. Times” has a circulation of 300 copies weekly, and is neatly and attractively produced on a commercial duplicator.

Cook Is. Orange Crop

p. 19

From Our Own Correspondent.

Rarotonga, April 20.

THE first consignment of the new orange crop is to leave by the Maun ganui on April 23. Owing to the extensive damage done by the recent hurricane, shipments this year will be considerably smaller than usual.

Prices quoted at the beginning of the week were 5/- in the shed for mark 150 and higher: 4/- for marks 112 and 126. To these figures—which show a nett profit to the grower, less labour costs —no excep tion can reasonably be taken, as they re present a slight increase on the prices ob tained during the last year or two.

Native growers, wishing to take full advantage of the good prices, are occa sionally shortsighted enough to attempt the despatch of immature fruit. Such ac tions are liable to come back in the form of permanent suspicion and low price levels. This is one of the disadvantages that European planters are subjected to when their fruit forms only a small part of consignments, shipped largely by na tive growers.

Advertisements & other items, pp. 19-20 (2 items)

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Mauritius Beans As A Chance Crop

pp. 20-22

A Few Words in Season for Papuan Planters

THREE or four years ago, when I was planning to exchange a prosaic job in Australia for a career on the land in Papua, I felt I had one small trump card up my sleeve that would never fail me.

When estimates, on investigation, began to show less rosy prospects than expected, I consoled myself with the thought that Mauritius Beans would at least keep the pot boiling during the lean years while a permanent crop was coming into bearing.

My text books told me nothing about growing Mauritius Beans for sale, although I knew that a good many small planters produced them, and I had to depend on a few newspaper comments and a list of market prices ranging over five or six years.

Since then I have been growing the Beans for two years, and have gained a Tophet of a lot of experience, some of which I confided to the Editor of the P.I.M. He said that other growlers might

be interested in what I told him —hence this article, which attempts to show how to grow and harvest the beans, the costs of doing so, and the returns that may be expected.

Probably, there is nothing written here that is not known to every Bean grower, with the possible exception of the “surprise ending” to the tale; but, remembering my own fruitless hunt after information, these notes may be of use to somebody similarly placed. I have since learned that the Queensland De partment of Agriculture have published a pamphlet on the subject, but my experi ence did not tally with it —not by a long chalk. Any grower reading that pamph let’s account of the yield of Mauritius Beans might think his fortune was made.

There is a story current in Papua that, at a meeting of a now defunct planters’ association held many years ago, an ex perienced member stated that the Mauri tius Bean was the greatest curse ever introduced into the country. He was, of course, referring to the plant as a cover crop, and not as a revenue producer. The Bean is, however, not a curse, for it at least puts back a little nitrogen into the soil; but as a cover crop it may rightly be termed a fraud. It does not cover; it simply soars, allowing Lalang (the long grass that invades neglected plantations and which really is a curse) to flourish all the better underneath it.

But, I ask you, where does Lalang not flourish?

But our present consideration of Beans is as a chance, not a cover crop. In course of time, the vine bears beans which are used by North Queensland sugar farmers to fertilise their cane fields; and hence it has a definite market value which may help on the poor Island planter while more ambitious schemes are developing.

Soil.

It is said, the poorer the soil the better the yield. I have seen a good crop raised among granite boulders where there was practically no soil, and I have raised a tidy few myself on good fat loam. In fact, it does not seem particular about soil, though it refused to grow on water logged ground; and, when planted among heavy Lalang, showed a slightly reduced yield. Probably it likes best an arid sandy soil, and certainly a dryish climate so soon as fruit has set is a great help in harvesting.

Absolutely clean land in Papua appears to be a myth, or at least an ideal. When the time came to sow, my land was like the general run, somewhat of a wilder ness. That is to say, it had been neither ploughed nor hoed, was covered with vigorous weed growth, and the Passiflora was beginning to take possession. But the Bean did not seem to mind a little competition. It germinated well and shot up from the jump till it soon over topped everything in reach. Probably the

yield would be greater on ploughed land, but the expense is prohibitive, and most planters will do as I did and sow without great preparations. Any young trees or banana clumps already in the line of the rows can be left as supports, and will probably permit of a greater yield on the vines that utilize them.

Poling

Supports are necessary and must be placed in position first. I leave the mathematically minded to work out how many poles will be required per acre if placed in rows of eight feet from one another and six apart in the rows. Then multiply the result by the number of acres you intend to plant. The number will surprise you The stronger and higher the support the better the yield; but quite frail sticks or young scrub trees will hold them up nobly, so that, in view of that bugbear "costs," it is not necessary to be too particular. I used mangrove poles chiefly, the majority of which are doing duty for the second year.

Sowing, at stake in the loose earth at the foot of the poles, can be done during the rains. January sowing, with me, produced marketable beans in August, April sowing up to November. But it is wise to get on to the market early in the season and the November consignment must be the last.

An occasional clean up of very rampant neighbours is necessary, especially Passiflora, which in the early stages hooks on to the vines and prevents them going up the supports.

Yield.

If you want an optimist’s estimate, consult the pamphlet already referred to, where it is stated that the best (!) soil will produce up to 100 bushels per acre, and that 30 is the average. Against this, I place my own yield of about 12, which I consider could be increased to 16 or even 18 by closer planting and more attention.

This was my experience, and maybe I am the mug; but, after all, the Mauritius Bean is a Mauritius Bean and not a sweet pea. That 100-bushel yield makes me think of an old lady in gardening gloves and a watering-can and only one vine to look after.

Harvesting

If Bean growing has been all fair sailing so far, we now come (to mix metaphors) to the “worm i’ the bud,” in other words, the snag.

The method of shelling adopted was to tap each bean sharply near the curved point and along the hilum with a footlong piece of hardwood, about the thickness of the thumb. If hit in the right plane, the pod splits and a scoop with the finger does the rest. The process sounds rather tedious; in reality, it is

damnably so, and if anyone knows a better way I should be glad to hear of it.

An average boy can shell a bushel in a seven hours day—if supervised, I tried flailing, both in heaps on the ground and in bags, but failed. More over, flailing is more likely to injure the beans and spoil germination. There is a germination test of about 80 per cent. imposed on imports to Queensland; so, apart from commercial ethics, it is advisable to go over the shelled product and remove "bad eggs."

Although the bunches of beans may be picked and brought in with a certain amount of moisture in them, it is inad visable to attempt to shell till they are bone dry. Premature attempts on moist beans reduce the shelling rate to a quarter of the normal, so do not be in a hurry; wait till the beans are try, and save time and labour. To expedite drying, place the pods in the sun on trays, and take them in at night. A very wet climate, after July, is a distinct obstacle to a successful issue, and if excessive, might be considered almost prohibitive.

Beans grown along the dry North Queens land littoral can be harvested in August; whereas, in a wetter climate, I was labouring till mid-November.

Kiln-dried Beans from Fiji were unpopular in Queensland some years ago, as the artificial heat affected germination adversely.

I was told of a method whereby the beans were soaked in water overnight and left to split open in the sun in the morning. This system does not appeal to me; it appears to be a short cut to mould and premature germination. If generally adopted, it might bring the whole Papuan crop into disfavour.

Mould must be guarded against, as I have known a whole crop to be destroyed by it, so no method of shelling that mentions the word water receives any en couragement from me.

After shelling, a careful sunning is ad visable, but, like the shorn lamb, freshly shelled Beans are tender, and a good cooking in the sun may cause wrinkling and a trip to the rubbish heap with the previous day’s work.

An ordinary copra sack is used for bagging. It holds well over three bushels at first, but comes down in weight from subsequent desiccation and the imposition of that mysterious penalty termed “Tare.” An occasional glance through the bags while in the shed to detect signs of mould will not be time wasted.

Cost Of Production,

I quote my own figures as an example, I shipped 120 bushels of beans from the 12 acres, part of the crop being left for seed and part being too late for the market. The cost of producing these, computed at the ordinary rates of labour

in Papua, amounted to £84. (Of these, £20, or nearly a quarter, went in marketing expenses—bags, freight, charges, etc.) This works out at £7 an acre for the whole area, but only the crop from 10 acres was sent for sale.

I employed a boss boy and three others most of the time, reducing the staff to three during the growing season, and augmenting it by day labour very con siderably during the harvesting. But these figures could be slightly reduced, as the staff were able to do a certain amount of future developing work apart from the beans, and the boss boy is a luxury that a hard working planter might be ready to forego.

Anticipated Returns

These were computed on prices ruling for 1933, which were £1 per bushel F.O.B. Port Moresby. This may be regarded as the normal, for prices have been fairly constant over a period of many years, and were not apparently affected by the depression. My returns, therefore, should have been £120.

Undoubtedly, the pleasantest phase of Mauritius Bean growing is the arrival of the agent’s cheque; but in this uncertain world one should never count on it till one handles it. As my balance sheet shows (expenditure of £84 and anticipated returns of £120), it is obvious that Bean growing can be conducted at a profit. Mine should have been a matter

of £36. And a very nice little sum too —when you get it!

Actual Returns From 1934

Export.

Like O. Henry’s stories, my Mauritius Bean venture suffered a surprise ending.

When the 120 bushels had safely arrived in Cairns, a malign fate took a hand in the sequel.

Owing to an abnormal train of circum stances, drought principally, shortage of cash among sugar farmers, and large early consignments from Fiji, the market went “phut.” It absolutely dried up, with over 200 bushels of Papuan-grown Mauritius Beans left without a buyer.

Included in that lot were my 120 bushels.

I am told that only one Papuan grower sold his crop, and that was at 12/6 under contract—a price that is not very attractive. The actual return, conse quently, as far as I am concerned, was exactly nil, to say nothing of £80 odd out of pocket. Further comment is un necessary.

I don’t mention my experience in the hope of stopping others who wish to ven ture, though it may serve as a warning of the uncertainty of such enterprises.

One can only hope it won’t happen again —all the more as I have some 60 bushels in view for 1935 picking. With all the unsold consignments in hand it is not likely that prices will be very good this year, or the demand very great.

Another adverse factor is that the N.Q. farmer is always coming across substi tutes for Mauritius Beans, and one of these may eventually knock the Papuan product flat, for good and all. It will be time, then, to think of some other way of keeping the pot boiling.

In conclusion, gentle reader, I have to explain my reasons for remaining anony mous. Had I pocketed that anticipated profit, all the world might know who has written this effusion. But seeing that I got never a “Bean” for my Beans, my heart is sad thereby, and sign myself—

Disappointed Planter.

Advertisements & other items, pp. 20-22 (1 item)

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Norfolk Island Trade

p. 22

Mr. and Mrs. H. T. Downs, of Rendova, Solomon Islands, left Sydney for Gavutu by the Malaita on April 18, after fur lough at Mittagong, New South Wales.

Right Rev. W. H. Baddeley, Bishop of Melanesia, who has been attending and addressing mission conferences in Aus tralia, departed from Brisbane, Queens land, for Makambo, S.I., by the Malaita on April 20.

Imports

Month From Aust.

From N.Z.

March, 1934 . £2671 Nil March, 1935 . £2179 Nil

Exports

Month To Aust.

To N.Z.

March, 1934 .. £774 Nil March, 1935 .. £268 Nil

Advertisements & other items, p. 23 (1 item)

Water-Melons—Yum!

Native children hold a water-melon session at the Melanesian Mission Station at Lolowai, Aoba, New Hebrides. —Photo.: A. Lewis Milner.

Visits Papua

p. 23

Mr. William Telling

Overseas League Writer Visits Papua

From Our Own Correspondent.

Pt. Moresby, April 14.

THE well-known English commentator on European affairs, Mr. William Teeling, recently visited Papua during his tour of the Empire. Much of Mr. Teel ing’s writings on international conditions and economics has appeared in the Lon don “Times” and the “New York Times.”

As official representative of the Overseas League, England, he came to Papua to create interest in the League and make contact with its members.

In a public address at Port Moresby, he gave his impressions of a recent journey through the Saar (Germany), Italy and France. He spoke of Germany and the Hitler regime, of England’s attitude to wards the German leader’s industrial ex periments, and of the grave problem of unemployment in Great Britain. It was one of the aims of the Overseas League, he said, to create friendly feeling between England and Germany.

Before leaving Papua, Mr. Teeling made

a tour of the Eastern and North-Eastern coasts of Papua in the Government yacht Laurabada, as the guest of Sir Hubert Murray.

A branch of the Overseas League was formed in Papua in 1917, with Mr. Stan ley A. Greenland as secretary. During late years, however, interest in it had waned. Now that interest has been re vived as a result of Mr. Teeling’s visit, Mr. Greenland hopes that the branch will again flourish.

Captain “Bob” Cook Dies

p. 23

Suddenly

MANY people in New Guinea will be sorry to learn of the sudden death in Sydney on April 16 of Mr. Roland Rasell Cook (better known as Captain Bob Cook), owner of Kilinwata planta tion, in the Bainings district. He was 61 years old.

He came to Sydney early in the year and went to reside with friends, in Bal main; but he was not well, and steadily became worse, and he died in mid-April from a variety of internal troubles.

Little is known of Mr. Cook’s earlier life; but he is believed to have been a man of good family and University edu cation, and he was conversant with several languages. It is known that, as a young man, he was a member of the British Secret Service, and that he had a career of extraordinary adventure during the war. He was very reticent about himself, however.

As “Captain Cook,” he was well known as a trader and recruiter in New Guinea, where he arrived some 15 years ago. He subsequently owned plantations at Rano and Buka, and he bought Kilinwata, in the Bainings, some three years ago. It is believed that he was unmarried, and has relations in London.

Advertisements & other items, pp. 23-24 (1 item)

Waterproofing

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A selection of records which we recommend: — Malcolm McEachern — The Gobbler’s Song (from Chu Chin Chow); “I’m a Roamer” (from “Son and Stranger”), 10 inch 4/- Chicago Symphony Orchestra — “Emperor Waltz” (Strauss) 8/- Terence Casey (Cinema Organ)— Selection of Wilfred Sanderson Songs 6/- You can be sure if you buy at Elvy’s your records will reach you by return mail safely wrapped, and the price you pay will be the lowest possible.

COLUMBIA, PARLOPHONE, and REGAL ZONOPHONE catalogues will be posted you FREE upon application.

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Seeking Gold

p. 24

In N. Caledonia

Mineral Wealth of French Colony

THE development of goldmining activity in New Caledonia means that there are now five Pacific Terri tories in which the recovery of gold is being undertaken. They are: New Guinea, Papua, Fiji, New Cale donia and Solomon Islands. the flotation of several companies in Australia to work the Diahot River, in New Caledonia, the Government of New Caledonia has adopted a mining policy giving prominence to the question of personnel rather than to the supervision of control of conditions in the industry.

In the New Caledonian “Bulletin of Commerce,” of March 16, 1935, the fol lowing notice, addressed to the directors of certain companies appeared; NOUMEA, 8th March, 1935.

Sir, —I have the honour to inform you that the Consultative Committee of Mines has expressed the intention that in every

mining company, society, or enterprise operating in the colony, the directors executives, or the personnel, engineers, exploitation managers or their equiva lents, should be in the minimum propor tion of three-quarters persons of French nationality or under French protection.

Consequently I ask you to be good enough to make arrangements henceforth to select your principal assistance from French citizens or people under French protection.

I think that recruiting in France ought to be very easy in the future, and that the reduction in passage money ought to make it very feasible.

Yours faithfully, (Signed) SIADOUS.

Governor of New Caledonia.

Exactly what effect this policy is likely to have on the Australian companies al ready operating with Australian capital cannot be known until the qualifications, ability, and business acumen of the avail able directors, executives, engineers, and managers are known.

At present three companies are opera ting in New Caledonia, two owing their origin to Adelaide capital, the third hav ing been formed in Sydney. The former group consists of: (1) Upper Diahot Dredging Co. (2) The Caledo-Austral Gold Mining Co.

The Sydney concern has been registered as the Diahot Gold Dredging Co.

A further syndicate is either in the process of formation or has already been formed in Melbourne.

Nickel And Chrome

Although the search for gold has pro ceeded in New Caledonia over many years, the real mining done there is on the nickel and chrome fields, which constitute New Caledonia’s principal industry.

The nickel industry has been booming for at least a year now. Some say that this is due to the threat of another world war; but more probably it is caused by the increasing, world-wide use of brass.- All the mines and smelters are working at full capacity.

This nickel mine activity has been good for Australian trade. Three steamers have been running constantly between Australia and New Caledonia with coal. They carry mostly Kembla coal, from the South coast —it is a fine coal, very suitable for coke, which is made for the smelters in New Caledonia. There are, on the New Cale donian coast, one steamer and about four hulks, bringing nickel ore from the dif ferent mines to the smelters at Noumea.

All the New Caledonian nickel mines and smelters are owned and operated by one concern, which is understood to be part of the Rothschild international or ganisation.

The largest chrome mine in the world is in New Caledonia (at La Tiebaghi, near Paagoumene) and 1½ million tons of ore have been mined there. It is owned mostly by British shareholders, operating as a French company. The industry, com pared with nickel, is dull. The mine is being worked, but not very actively. The company which owns the N.C. chrome mines is part of an international combina tion which appears to control the world’s chrome output. This combine owns an other chrome mine in Rhodesia, and the latter, a few months ago, was working full time.

Mr. D. A. Madden, surveyor in the Lands Department, New Guinea, arrived in Sydney from Rabaul on four months’ leave by the Montoro on April 1.

World-wide Circulation

p. 25

Praise For P.I.M.

Subscribers who have supported the Pacific Islands Monthly in the South Seas, and thus made its establishment and progress possible, may be glad to know that the magazine is gaining readers in nearly every country in the world, and particularly Britain, France, United States, Holland, Germany, and the nations of the Far East. The interest in the South Seas, displayed by people in very distant countries, is really remarkable.

Recently, in the one mail, we received evidence of this interest from three widely separated places.

We received a copy of a well known German review, published in Berlin, wherein there are copious extracts from the Pacific Islands Monthly.

From Paris there arrived the December issue of “L’Oceanie Francaise,” the bulle tin of the Comite de l’Oceanie Francaise, in which there are two articles containing kindly references to the editor of the Pacific Islands Monthly.

Finally, there is a copy of the “Hono lulu Star-Bulletin” of March 30, in which the literary editor, Dr. Slaten, says this:

Pacific Islands Monthly Next To

Trip To S. Seas

Though Hawaii is an integral part of the United States politically, it is by original connection re lated in its life and interests to the other island groups with which nature has peppered the Pacific.

The Pacific Islands Monthly, newspaper maga zine of the South Seas, is published by Pacific Publications Ltd., Union House, 247 George St., Sydney, Australia, the subscription rate being 2 dollars a year.

To hand is the November, 1934, issue, a 72-page magazine packed with news from the islands com munities. With it in hand, slippered, arm-chaired and evening-lamped, we cruise, free from seasick ness and tips to the steward, to all points south and west.

The cover bears a picture, “Muscular Manhood. —The half-caste fisherman son of the late Paul Gauguin, famous artist, who lived for several years in French Oceania.” We’re off at once in fancy with Jack London and Somerset Maugham and Herman Melville and the rest of the South Sea yarners.

The inside brings up the South Sea scene like an opera glass. “Pacific Travellers” —a list of arrivers in Sydney from Solomon Islands, New Guinea, Papua, Norfolk, Lord Howe, Fiji. There are personals that make these far away places seem as familiar as Fort Street.

There’s news about the goldfields in New Guinea, so inaccessible that machinery is carried there by airplane, re-assembled and put to work; fashion hints for Islands women; discussion whether the Governor of Fiji should be also the H.C. for W.P., if that registers with you.

In a contest as to which is the most interesting magazine in the world “The Pacific Islands Month ly” would be a high ranker. Until the depression is over it is the next best way of visiting the South Seas.

Incidentally, the literary page of the Honolulu Star-Bulletin, published every Saturday, ought to be known to all Pacific peoples. It is edited with outstanding ability, and it makes a feature of review ing most of what is published throughout the world dealing with life and politics in the Pacific Territories.

Mr. R. W. Dawson left Sydney for New Zealand and Fiji by the Niagara on April 25, to complete plans for a projected cruise through Central Pacific. He is the son of Captain Dawson, of H.M.S. Pen guin, who prepared the first charts of New Hebrides and the north-east coast of Fiji.

A “Township”

pp. 25-26

The Indignation of Suva

SUVA, the busy capital of Fiji, is to lose the right to call itself a city.

Although residents have protested bit terly, the Government proposes to in troduce a bill abolishing the municipal council, which for years has managed local affairs (say “Sydney Morning Herald”).

Suva is to be officially described as a township, and, as such, will be controlled solely by the Governor through a town board of officials and two Europeans, two Fijians, and two Indians, all nominated by the Governor, whose word is final.

Levuka, at the same time, will cease to be a town, and will officially become a township.

Other proposed legislation which has aroused local indignation will allow the Governor to resume land for “a public purpose” without any right of appeal to either court or arbitrator. These bills will be carried by the official majority.

Mr. D. C. J. Hill, director and consult ing geologist of Nasivi (Fiji) Gold Syn dicate, N.L., departed from Sydney for Fiji by the Niagara on April 26. On arrival at Suva he proceeded to Tavua goldfield to look over certain properties in which his company is intei'ested.

Mr. and Mrs. S. Elliott-Smith, of Ioma, Papua, returned to Port Moresby by the Macdhui from Sydney on May 2, after spending a pleasant holiday at Bathurst, New South Wales, since February last.

Mr. Elliott-Smith is a Patrol Officer in the Papuan Administration service.

Advertisements & other items, pp. 25-26 (1 item)

Oilskin Coats

LEGAL NOTICE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF NEW SOUTH WALES. —IN EQUITY No. 183 of 1935 and IN THE MATTER of the COMPANIES ACT 1899 AND IN THE MATTER of SOLOMON ISLANDS

DEVELOPMENT COMPANY LIMITED.—

NOTICE is hereby given that the order of the Supreme Court of New South Wales in its Equitable Jurisdiction dated the 8th day of April 1935 confirming the reduction of the capital of the above named company from £100,000 to £50,000 and the minute approved by the court showing in respect of the capital of the company as altered the several particulars required by the above Statute were registered by the Registrar of Joint Stock Companies on the 17th day of April 1935. The said minute is in the words and figures following:— “The capital of Solomon Islands Development Company Limited is £50,000 divided into 1000 shares of £50 each instead of the former capital of £100,000 divided into 1000 shares of £100 each.”

DATED this 17th day of April 1935. McMAS- TER HOLLAND & CO., Solicitors for the Company, 129 Pitt Street, Sydney.

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EST.

1925

ALUMINIUM WARE

MANUFACTURED BY

C. R. Byrne 187-9 William Street, Bankstown, N.S.W.

Island Traders apply for Price Lists and Agency Terms

"Service"

Est. 1916

LEATHER BELTING

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NOYES BROS.

(Sydney) LIMITED

115 CLARENCE STREET, SYDNEY

Branches at Newcastle and Brisbane

Melanesian Mission Press Books

p. 26

SAMPLES are to hand of another series of books published by the Melanesian Mission Press, Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands. They in clude a primer in the native language for the use of school teachers in Aoba, New Hebrides; morning and evening prayers in English for the use of the members of the Melanesian Brother hood; and a well-bound book of 364 pages con taining matins, evensong, psalms, services, etc., in the language of Fiu, north Mala, Solomon Islands. The technical excellence and finish of all this printing work are most praiseworthy; it is clear that Mr. Fred Isom takes a keen interest in his fascinating job. It is impossible to exaggerate the importance of teaching the natives some form of reading and writing, and that is what is being accomplished by this steady out put of books from the Melanesian Mission Press.

Copra Market

p. 26

London Advices

ADVICES from London, written at the end of March, say that importance price movements in the copra market are unlikely until American buyers resume operations; and the latter, apparently, have been awaiting the outcome of a bill which has been before the American Con gress Committee of Ways and Means.

This bill provides for an import excise tax of 3 cents per lb. (that is, at the same rate as the present processing tax) on all imported oils and fats to which the processing tax is not applicable. There appears to be a good deal of opposition, and it may not come before Congress: but if it should become law it would con siderably disturb the oils and fats market in America.

It is estimated that the carry-over of cotton seed oil at the end of the cotton crop represented 245,000 barrels monthly, against a demand of 344,000 barrel monthly. It is likely, therefore, that the price of this commodity will be firm.

The latest reports on whale oil show that at the end of February 1,944,620 barrels had been produced, compared with 2,206,653 barrels at the same time last year. Practically the whole of the 1934-35 catch has been sold, and some cargoes brought over £16 per ton.

It is also stated that despite all restric tions, Germany has been able to come into the European market for her full requirements of oils and fats, and is securing the necessary amount in spite of the exchange difficulties. She is taking oils and fats, particularly whale oil, rather than oil seeds, so that German crushers are still not working at capacity.

Soya Bean Competition.

A London cablegram, in April, said that, according to the chairman of a leading East Indies copra company, the imposition of a Budget duly on Man churian Soya beans would operate to the advantage of copra, producers of which have found in the last three years that Soya beans are seriously prejudicing the market for Empire copra. Both copra and palm oil have been holding their recent market gains for the first time for many years, he said. It is assumed that the British Government is being asked to place a duty on soya beans from Man churia.

The imports of Manchurian soya beans into European countries during recent years have been (in tons):

Dr. G. H. Vernon, of Daru, Western Papua, crossed over to Thursday Island in March and there caught a steamer and went off on a holiday visit to Japan and the Far East. A mutual friend informs us that the popular medico had a rough crossing from Daru. “When he landed here in Thursday Island after a six days’ trip across Torres Strait, he would have passed anywhere for the worst type of shipwrecked mariner; but I will spare you the details,” he says.

1931. 1932. 1933. 1934.

Britain .. 110,300 160,569 157.428 177,194 Germany .. 1,014,573 1,186,992 1,170,900 913,740 Holland .. 31,218 40,435 38,067 126,602 Denmark .. 235,524 225,481 231,215 268,753 Japan and Java are also large consumers.

Fiji Fortunes

p. 27

Made from Tavua Goldfield

Announcements by Australian newspapers that Mr. E. G. Theodore is now a millionaire, as a result of his activities in connection with the Fiji (Tavua) goldfield, and that fortunes have been made by Mr. Pat Costello, of Suva, and by Mr. Borthwick, prospector, have again stirred Australian interest to fever heat; and speculators and company pro moters are giving much attention to the Colony.

Congratulations extended to the men concerned are quite sincere. Mr. Theo dore always has been a bold operator; he risked a huge sum on the develop ment of Tavua, and he won out, and de serves all he made.

Mr. Theodore

Mr. Theodore is a well-known figure in Australia. He entered politics as a La bour member, in 1909, when only 25 years old, and he was a Minister there from 1915 until 1919, and Premier 1919-25. In his early life he held advanced political views, and in consequence he was known as “Red Ted.’’ He entered the Federal Parliament in 1927, and was Common wealth Treasurer in 1930-31. He left Parliamentary life as a result of Labour Party squabbles—another example of how Labour’s underground engineers destroy their best leaders. Perhaps, as he is now very rich, he will decide to re-enter politics. It is to be hoped so: the Commonwealth needs men of his outstanding ability.

Mr. Costello.

Mr. Pat Costello has been seeking gold in Fiji for 15 years. His faith never wavered. Suva men used to jeer at him —but he only grinned. He left Sydney for Suva at the end of April, and his smile was wider than ever. He was won dering if they still are jeering in Suva.

But even those who scoffed will offer sin cere congratulations to the genial Pat rick. He, too, deserves his win.

Stricter Control Of

Prospecting

The Government of Fiji has decided that the issue of gold prospecting licences in Fiji will be even more strictly con trolled than previously, and the condi tions of the licence more rigidly enforced.

In making this announcement in the “Fiji Royal Gazette,” published on April 13, the Government declares that its earlier statement of policy regarding the Tavua field applies equally to the Yana wai mining area and to any other mining areas which may be proclaimed. Appli cations for prospecting licences will be considered by any parties who can prove that they are able and have the neces sary capital to prospect, in the fullest sense of the term, the areas for which they apply. The Government cannot see its way to issue prospecting licenses to parties having little or no capital. In the event of the applicant failing to satisfy the Mining Board on these con ditions, the board may refuse the applica tion, but the applicant may make a fresh application subsequently.

A further amendment to the regula tions provides that the holder will prose cute vigorously and continuously pros pecting operations to the satisfaction of the board, and will promptly, and at the latest within 60 days of discovery, report to the board all mineral discoveries con sidered or found to be of a payable na ture. A holder shall not be deemed to be prospecting according to the stipula

tions unless there be engaged in the operations persons in the opinion of the board qualified and competent to pros pect in the proportion of at least one to every 250 acres, and a staff of labourers in the proportion of at least one to every 25 acres of the prospecting area. These obligations may be suspended in certain circumstances.

Besides having in view the employ ment on prospecting areas of a larger number of men, the amended regulations provide for the proper medical care of employees in mines.

Major C. B. Joske, of Suva, Fiji, who has been in Sydney and Melbourne on business connected with Fijian gold-min ing, left by the Mariposa for Suva on May 1.

The capital of Solomon Islands Develop ment Co. Ltd. has been reduced from £100,000 in 1000 shares of £100 each to £50,000 in 1000 shares of £50 each, on each of which shares £45 has been paid, The reduction is effected by cancelling paid-up capital that has been lost or is unrepresented by available assets.

Advertisements & other items, pp. 27-28 (1 item)

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p. 28

Pacific American and Japanese Enterprise

AVIATION developments in the North Pacific are worth watching. Much is going on there which may affect political and strategical considerations in the South Pacific.

The Americans plan a regular aerial service westwards from San Francisco to the Philippines. The first stage, from ’Frisco to Honolulu, was opened late in April by a flying-boat of the Pan- American Company. It is intended to extend this service through Midway Island, Wake Island, and Guam, to Manilla. Tiny uninhabited atollss —mere sandbanks with a few scrubby trees —are to become places of great value as aero dromes.

The Japanese are to compete with the United States in linking up those North Pacific groups with aeroplane services. It was announced, some months ago, that regular aviation services would connect Japan with the Bonin, Marianne, Caro line and Marshall groups. The three

latter groups were part of the German Pacific colonies in 1914, and were given to Japan by the League of Nations, under mandate, in 1919. Japan, however, has quite definitely announced her intention of keeping them, as part of the Japanese Empire, Those Japanese Islands are nearer to Rabaul (the administrative centre of the Territory of New Guinea) than is Bris bane, or even Townsville. It is only a matter of months, probably, before Japanese aeroplanes from the Carolines, or American machines from Manila, ex tend their services through New Guinea to Australia. Or will Australians get in first, and establish a regular air service at least between Queensland and Papua and New Guinea?

It may be that American enterprise will bridge the gap between America and Aus tralia by running aeroplanes south-west wards from Honolulu, through the Phoenix group, or the Northern Cooks, and then via Samoa, Fiji and New Cale donia. But the map offers some dis couragement. Once the equator is reached, it is fairly plain going to Aus tralia—the South Pacific is dotted with islands of all descriptions. But from Hawaii southwards to the equator there is an ugly stretch of some 800 miles of empty ocean. Yet it is not nearly so wide as that empty stretch from Midway to Wake Island, and nor a third as far as the worst hop of all—from ’Frisco to Honolulu.

Fiji's Salato Nettle

p. 28

Letter to the Editor.

CAN any reader of your valuable paper inform me of cure for the sting of the “Salato” leaf? I have tried all sorts of remedies without success, even to the native “cure” of scraping the bark off both limbs and roots and rubbing on the affected parts; but without success.

Salato is “hot stuff warmed up,” in the way of a stinging leaf. Some five weeks ago I bumped into the large leaves and was stung from above the knees down to the bottom of my knees. I was wearing shorts at the time. The sting developed about half an hour after I touched the plant, and about two days after contact the stinging itch was fully developed.

To-day, five weeks after contact, the stinging itch comes on suddenly, especi ally at night, and the more you scratch or rub it the more it itches and stings, and you can’t refrain from rubbing it.

The salato leaf is a fine large green leaf, with pinkish ribs, quite smooth and shiny, no sign of downy fur, such as one would expect to find, as on a stinging nettle; and it is found all over Fiji bushlands.

I am, etc.,

Tui Nalovo.

Vanua Levu, Fiji, March 16.

Two Japanese Warships Will

p. 28

Visit Apia in June

From Our Own Correspondent.

APIA, April 14.

THE visit of two Japanese training ships is announced for the King’s birthday, June 3 next. The last Japanese man-of-war to call at Western Samoa visited Apia in 1915, during the war.

The visiting warships, the Yakumo and Asama, each of over 9,000 tons, have a complement of 1,600 men. They will constitute the largest naval units to arrive in Samoa since the visit of the American battlecruisers Maryland and Western Virginia.

Advertisements & other items, pp. 29-30 (1 item)

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Handy Type Of Copra Drier

pp. 30-32

By C. Falkner, of Tearouki Plantation, Tiop, New Guinea.

I SEND you herewith a description of a cheap hot-air drier. I have been using it on my own plantation for the last eight months and found it most effective.

Cheapness, of course, especially in these days, is the first consideration, and the cost of this type is about £40. It Is simple to operate, and it is practically fireproof, as no vulnerable part is exposed to the fire.

The copra turned out is pure white, and has been extremely well commented on by the copra inspectors here.

I am forwarding it to you, hoping that it may be of some use to the smaller planters, to whom, as in my case, an in expensive but effective hot air drier means

the all-important factor of those few extra shillings per ton.

The drawings are not as clear as I should like, but I think any copra man will be able to follow them.

With the best wishes to your much

valued journal.

Half Ton Kiln Drier

Dimensions: Length of bed, 24 feet.

Width of bed, 12 feet.

Height above ground, 3 feet.

The drier consists of a timbered frame, on the inside of which 26 gauge flat iron is nailed in such manner as to make it smokeproof.

Erecting

An outside shelter, consisting of roof only, 36 x 24 feet, is first constructed.

Then a concrete foundation for the bed, 9 x 4in. (6in. into the ground) into which the upright posts are set, 3 feet apart. These may be made of any native hardwood, squared on two sides.

The last two panels, i.e., 6 feet on each side, as well as the whole of the firepit end, are made entirely of concrete —sunk 3 feet into the ground, and 3 feet above, with a 4 feet wide tunnel, 2 feet long, forming entrance to the firepit and ensuring a draught. An outside pit 4x4 feet is advisable to enable a free flow of air to the tunnel, see figures 1 and 2. .

Next the uprights are connected with timber 3 x 3in., reaching right round, on which the bearers of 3 x 4in. are placed, across the bed, 18in. apart. These are nailed in the middle to a length of native timber shaped to 12 x 6in. running lengthways across the drier, to support the bearers.

This beam lies on top of the bearers.

Flat iron sheets are nailed on, underneath the bearers, care being taken to prevent any opening where smoke can come through.

NOTE: The exact width is made 11ft. 10in. to allow a 1in. turn over of the iron on each side of the bed, to make an overlap with the upright iron on the sides.

The sides are now enclosed with sheet iron ire the same manner as above; the height from con-

Figure 2.—Firing Pit and Tunnel, Concrete Work. Shaded portion is below ground level.

Drier and Shelter Shed.

crete foundation to bearers being made 2ft. 11in., allowing for a 1in. overlap with the roof iron.

On top of the bearers mesh wirenetting is fastened (fig. 3).

Two smokestacks, made of flat iron (6 x 3ft.) are placed 18in. from the end and equidistant from the sides and each other, i.e., 4 feet from the side to the centre of the smokestack.

At the firing end, the ground is excavated to a depth of 3 feet and the ground removed thrown towards the other end, forming a sloping bank up to 18in. from the iron roof (see fig. 4).

Over the whole, a house is built (inside the shelter shed), leaving 3 feet room on the sides, 4 feet in front and 2 feet at firing end, bringing rear wall flush with end of the firing tunnel.

Walls are made of platted bamboo, lined with native thatch. Roof of native thatch, leaving

Figure 5. —Ground Plan of Layout. 3 feet open at the ridge, the whole length of the house, to enable rapid exit of the saturated air.

There should be at least 3 feet clearance between the roof of the drier and the roof of the shelter shed.

At 6 foot intervals, air inlets, 4 x 4in., are pro vided at the bottom of the side walls.

The smokestacks must go at least 5 feet above the ridge of the outer roof.

Eighteen inches above the copra bed “second day” shelves are built of 3 x 2in. framing, 3 feet wide, covered with wirenetting. One on each side and running the whole length of the bed.

Operation

The capacity of the drier is 3000 nuts, every 24 hours. The nuts are collected and carried to a husking shed, alongside the drier, where they are husked and placed in readiness close to the door. One boy can, after a little practice, husk 800 nuts per day as well as assist with the operating of the dried.

First Day Fire is lighted in the drier the night before and from then on is not extinguished or lessened until for some reason or other copra cooking is dis continued. The filling up, periodical examination and removal of dried copra may be carried out with full firing going on, thereby eliminating the loss of time in waiting for fires to cool off and of relighting.

At 6 a.m. the drier is filled by taking the husked nuts, breaking them in halves and lining them on the wire in a three-quarter upright position, each leaning against the other, meat down. This economises space and ensures thorough circulation.

If the half nuts are placed flat, meat down, dis-

Figure 1. —Construction of Drying Bed. A—Upright posts set in cement foundation 9in. x 4in; B— Smoke stacks. C—Bearers, 3in. x 4in. D —Bearer support, 12ft. x 6in. E—Concrete work, shaded portion is below ground level. F— Firing tunnel, 4ft. x 2ft. All con crete work is 4in. thick.

colouration of the copra results, owing to insuffi cient circulation of air. Another point to note is that the meat is not exposed to the air until placed on to the already heated bed.

This work is done by the four huskers and two of the three firemen.

At 6 p.m. the copra will be found half-dried and so loose in the shell that a smart tap on the back of the half-nut will cause it to drop out. The shell removed, the copra is thrown back on to the wire bed, anyhow.

Second Day At 6 a.m. the half nuts are heaped on to the “second-day” shelves and the drier refilled.

At 6 p.m. the shell from the second lot of copra is removed.

Third Day At 6 a.m. the first lot of half nuts are removed from the “second-day” shelves and taken to the copra shed. The second lot of nuts arc placed up on to the shelves and the drier refilled again.

Firing: Shells and husks are used, half and half.

Labour

Eight units are employed to carry nuts to the drier every day, each 300. (When areas close to the drier are worked, the task is increased.)

Weeding gangs and other units on field work bring in 20 nuts each every avening.

Saturdays as many units as neces sary bring in 200 nuts each.

Three firemen are used, working four-hour shifts, from 6 p.m. All three are on duty at 6 p.m., and with the four huskers remove the shell.

At 6 a.m., two firemen, those from 6 to 10 p.m. and 2 to 6 a.m. shifts are available with the four huskers to remove the dried copra, shift up to “second-day” shelves, and refill the drier. This operation takes from 2 to 2½ hours.

Material Required

Material needed; 46 sheets flat iron, 26 gauge. 12 packets clouts. 6 packets roofing nails (for use on

iron forming roof of bed, as with the con traction of the iron from the heat, the clouts in the centre pull out). 240 feet 3 x 4in. hardwood. 120 feet of 3 x 2in. hardwood. 4 casks cement.

The remainder may, if desired, be made from native timber.

Advantages

Cheapness of construction.

Simpleness of operation.

Fire-proof.

First-class copra.

Even heat maintained and copra not exposed to. air until placed on to bed.

The above drier is turning out a pure white type of dried copra, which keeps well. No copra is lost in cutting or in small pieces falling through the wire in drying.

NOTE: In firing, the most important factor is a small but even fire. I have found that if five half-shells are cupped together, thrown on the fire, followed by approximately double that amount of husks, a fire sufficient for effective heating can be maintained.

Figure 4.—B—Smoke stack. S—“Second Day” shelf, 3ft. wide, one on each side. F—Firing Tunnel. P—Firing pit. X—Excavated area. H—Filled in with ground from X.

Figure 3.—A—Upright posts. C—Bearers, 4in. x 2in., under which the iron is nailed. D—Sheet iron, 26-gauge. E—Wirenetting, ½in. mesh.

Advertisements & other items, pp. 30-32 (1 item)

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SAMUEL RUSSELL

ESTATE AND GENERAL AGENT-

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Shipbreakers

Her Last Voyage

Mataram Sails For Japan And Shipbreakers

NEWCASTLE was wrapped in gloom and darkness as the former Burns, Philp Islands passenger vessel Mataram slipped out of the harbour on her last voyage at the end of April. Commanded by Captain S. Sayeki and with a crew of 32 Japanese seamen from Osaka, the steamer was being taken to Japan to be delivered to shipbreakers there.

Launched in 1909 and once the pride of the B.P. fleet, the old Mataram had sailed all over the Western Pacific. Dur ing the greater part of the last five years she maintained a four-weekly service between Australia and the Solomon Is lands.

While negotiations were proceeding early in 1931 between Messrs. Burns, Philp and Co., Ltd., and the Common wealth Government regarding rearrange ment of the B.P. Pacific Islands services, the Mataram made several trips to New Guinea, and later for a few months she maintained a direct service between Syd ney and Papua. In October, 1931, how ever, she again took up the Solomons run, until she was replaced in January. 1934, by the new B.P. motor vessel Malaita.

“Banana Coffee”

(CERTAIN interests in Australia are still trying to introduce a concoction called “banana coffee” —although there is not a suggestion of coffee about it. The plan it seems, is to help the Australian banana-grower, who is always wailing.

The adoption of “banana coffee” would use up the unmarketable bananas. This is how the stuff is made: Bananas in various stages of ripeness were used, but those which might be termed semi-ripe proved most satisfactory. The skin was removed from the fruit. Should this prove difficult it could be facilitated by dipping the fruit in boiling water for a few seconds. The fruit was quartered length wise and cut into pieces approximately two inches long. It was then placed on wooden trays, which were placed in the dehydrator for 9 hours at an approximate temperature of 120 deg. Fah., and the temperature was then raised to 130 degrees and the process continued for another 9 hours.

The fruit was then ready for roasting, and this was carried out in an ordinary coffee roaster. Care must be exercised during roasting to see that the fruit did not stick to the sides of the machine.

When the product was bone dry it was ground in an ordinary coffee mill. The loss of weight from the fresh stage to the ground product was about 80 per cent. In many instances banana “coffee” was used pure, but blends with ordinary com mercial coffee had also been made.

Rarotonga

“Boys’ Brigade” In

From Our Own Correspondent.

Rarotonga, April 20.

hundred strong is the creditable record of the recently formed Boys’

Brigade, sponsored by the L.M.S., and cap tained by Rev. R. L. Challis.

Interviewed by the “P.I.M.,” Pastor Challis was optimistic; he sketched the movement’s future in terms of field drill, handicrafts, continuation classes, and or ganised recreation. Basic idea —to foster a racial consciousness and encourage moral discipline.

Industry

Japanese Fishers

Ruin of Australian Pearling Industry

JAPANESE fishing boats are responsible for more than the spoliation of tro chus beds around New Guinea and the Solomons.

The principle pearlers of Darwin (North Australia) are complaining that their in dustry has been brought to a non-paying basis by the Japanese fishing north of Darwin. Unless assistance was given, they said, the Australian industry would cease to exist.

The pearlers said that the Japanese were fishing under cheaper conditions.

They paid no duty on their rice and equipment, and their labour was cheaper.

Australian pearlers paid four times as much for the rice for their crews. They had to import labour at high cost and pay heavy licence fees and heavy duty on diving materials.

Captain McClymont, Harbourmaster at Apia, left Samoa for New Zealand on leave by the Maui Pomare, in April.

Advertisements & other items, pp. 33-34 (1 item)

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World Copra Production

p. 34

Statistical Review of Forty Years

THE accompanying figures, relating to the world copra market over the last forty years, are taken from the valuable annual compilation of Messrs. L. M. Fis chel Co. Ltd., of Mincing Lane, London.

It is worthy of note that these com pilations, made every year by the leading London dealers in vegetable oil seeds, do not include the production of the African or of the South Seas plantations, which statistics are said not to be available.

The table given below does not include

the exports from the Dutch ports of Sangir, Menado, Gorontalo, ‘etc. (which in-

creased from 6000 tons per annum in 1896, to about 220,000 tons in 1933) but those figures are included in the annual total.

The outstanding feature of the table is the enormous, steady growth in copra production, despite the increased output of all kinds of oil-bearing seeds which compete with copra. Since the war, copra production has more than doubled. The whole output is going into consumption, but at prices which show that the buyer is completely in the ascendant. There is

over-production, but not vast over-pro duction: a little organisation, and co operation between the copra-producing countries of the world would very soon put the copra-growers in a better position.

Year.

Java. Tons.

Macassar. Tons.

Padang. Tons.

Singapore. Tons.

Ceylon. Tons.

Philippines. Tons.

Total. Tons.

Av. price c.i.f. Europe £ s d 1896 19,511 8,770 5,778 39,440 3,677 33,468 116,644 1900 35,257 13,928 5,487 28,214 18,059 57,361 168,656 1905 107,709 25,961 6,580 58,915 17,740 49,715 286,134 1910 100,578 30,880 10,479 102,610 35,713 118,493 450,197 1914 71,191 35,659 17,739 112,579 56,318 102,521 460,346 25 12 6 1920 43,277 50,266 15,682 112,430 68.044 32,148 343,240 57 5 0 1925 29,885 80,636 27,283 149,156 113,546 146,291 615,602 29 15 0 1930 7,364 76,843 29,504 182,924 89,409 166,780 746,850 19 6 3 1931 3,848 72,982 25,214 176,810 94,579 181,438 744,901 13 10 0 1933 14,490 151,072 17.928 192,600 63,295 302,492 962,545 10 15 0 1934 3,747 147,801 17,852 167,242 105,681 346,156 958,672 8 15 0

Canoeist To Visit Tahiti

p. 34

AN interesting traveller, in the person of Mr. S. Alers Hankey, left Sydney early this month for Tahiti, where he will reside for some time.

Mr. Hankey is a member of a well-known English family. Forty years ago, as a youth, he was sent by his father to Australia, to the care of the late James Burns, and he saw service under Burns Philp and Co. Ltd. in Thursday Island, Norman ton and Sydney. Nowadays, his home is in Dalmatia.

Last year he went out to the West Indies with one of the modern canoes—a thing of canvas and rubber, which can be car ried in a travelling bag—and he ended some interesting months by canoeing through the Panama Canal and boarding the Ville de Verdun for Tahiti.

Then Mr. Hankey became very ill and, instead of disembarking at Papeete, he was obliged to come on to Sydney, where he underwent successfully a severe operation.

He is now gone with his canoe to Tahiti; and, if any residents of Raiatea or Moorea should see a handsome, grey-haired man of cheery disposition coming in over the reef in a kind of floating sausage-skin, they will know that Mr. Hankey has arrived.

Fiji Banana Exports

p. 34

THE schedule for banana exportations from Fiji to Australia and New Zea land for the period April 6 to April 30, issued by the Colonial Secretary’s office, Suva, reveals the relative importance of Australia and New Zealand as markets for Fijian bananas.

For the period, the quantity fixed for export to Australia is 4000 cases, repre senting 10 per cent, of the quantity spe cifically referred to by the Ottawa Agree ment. New Zealand’s quantity is more than double that of Australia, being 9600 cases, 7745 case of which must be grown by Fijians.

What To Grow In The Islands

pp. 35-40

How New Guinea Dept, of Agriculture is Experimenting to Assist Planters

A VERY valuable and interesting review of agriculture and recent developments in primary production in the Mandated Territory of New Guinea was given by Mr. George H. Murray, New Guinea Di rector of Agriculture, in an address de livered to members of the New South Wales branch of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science in April.

The peculiar merit of the address lies in the fact that Mr. Murray, in addition to giving his expert agricultural knowledge, has made an economic survey of the pos sibilities of the various plants.

TAKE Mandated Territory of New Guinea, which includes the Bismarck Archi pelago, he said, contains about 91,000 miles. In this vast area climatic condi tions vary from the humid lowlands near the coast to the cool mountain peaks over 12,000 feet high suitable for the growth of every crop of equatorial regions. In the early days of the German regime prac tically all the settlements were confined to the coast. Coconuts, being easily grown and suitable for such districts, was the first crop to be cultivated, and remains the staple product to this day, our export of copra being approximately 60,000 tons per annum.

In the early days of coconut planting in the Pacific, methods of cultivation were more primitive than they are to-day on well-managed coconut estates in Malaya and Ceylon. The coconuts were planted

more or less regularly 28 to 30ft. apart each way and they received very little cultiva tion, other than to keep the grass cut down, which, as cultivation, is hardly worthy of the name. Several of the plan tations in the early stages of the German regime were inter-planted with cotton, the cultivation of which also helped the coconuts, and the cotton crop was of some assistance in reducing labour costs. The low price of cotton to-day, however, hardly warrants the cultivation of cotton in New Guinea even for this purpose.

It should be remembered that there is practically no resting period in plant growth in the tropics, particularly in dis tricts with heavy rainfall. Consequently, weeds are growing all the time, and the methods employed in orchard cultivation in temperate zones are quite inapplicable in the humid tropics. About 25 years ago, therefore, selective weeding and use of cover plants came into practice. The for mer meant encouraging the growth of leguminous weeds to combat those of an injurious nature.

Cover Crops

Passiflora foetida was one of the first to be used as a cover plant in competition with the noxious grass, he continued.

Imperata arundinaceal, known by various names, in the eastern tropics to which it is confined: in Ceylon it is known as Illuk, in Malaya and the East Indies as Lalang corruption of the Malay name alang alang, in the Philippines as Cogon, in the Terri

tory of New Guinea as Kunai, in Papua by its Motuan name of Kuru kuru, and commonly known in the warmer parts of Australia as blady grass. Its growth in Australia, except in North Queensland, is much less rank than in New Guinea, In cidentally, this grass can be manufactured into paper, a sample of which is on show at the Agriculture Dept., Rabaul. Such an industry could never be worked on a profitable basis, however, except on an extensive scale, where the grass could be cut by machinery.

Although Passiflora has proved success ful in combating Kunai in New Guinea, where soil conditions are favourable, It proved quite unsuitable in heavy soil in

certain parts of Papua. It is non-legu minous and for that reason was not a satisfactory cover. Experiments over a long period were carried out with other leguminous plants for the control of weeds and noxious grasses and the two creepers Centrosema pubescens and Calo pogonium mucunoides are now in general use for this purpose in the East Indies,

and have proved eminently suitable in New Guinea. There was great opposition and criticism of the use of leguminous

cover plants when first recommended by the N.G. Dept, of Agriculture, the planters being wedded to the old method of cutting

New Guinea natives cutting copra on a New Britain plantation. By the method followed here, the coconuts are split with an axe, then the meat is removed from the shell by a few dexterous cuts with a sharp copra knife. This is later cured by being dried in the sun or placed in a hot air drier. —Block by courtesy of “Mission Review.”

the kunai with scythes made of suitable sharpened hoop iron formerly practised by Germans in the early days before the more scientific method of cover plants came into use. Many planters to-day, however, are using cover plants on their plantations, one of whom informed me that since he had established these plants on his pro perty he was able to dispense with his gang of 60 grass cutters. Another plan tation of approximately 500 acres is en tirely covered with such plants, not a single labourer being employed in weed control. Centrosema pubescens takes a considerable time to get established, 6 to 12 months, but Calopogonium grows very rapidly once the plant commences to run, and one planter who says he cannot re member its name, calls it “galloping home again.” The latter plant dies back during a continuously long period of dry weather, but the former makes a permanent cover when once established.

Copra Curing Methods

In very shallow soil neither plant grows satisfactorily, but coconuts will not thrive in such soil either. Copra, the cured meat of the coconut, Mr. Murray said, is pre pared for market by drying in the sun, over smoke fires, or in specially con structed driers heated by hot air, or in a few cases by steam. The best sun cured copra is of the best quality but only dis tricts having considerable sunshine are suitable for this method. What is known as the Ceylon type of drier is the most satisfactory artificial method of drying.

Even with this method, however, it is ad visable to give the green (uncured) copra one day in the sun before putting in the drier. This method necessitates transfer ring the copra from one platform to an other for five consecutive days after which it should be of first class quality. This method was recommended to the planters in New Guinea and plans and particulars supplied by the Department of Agricul ture.

Like many new methods that have been recommended it received criticism in cer tain quarters. One company after a short trial condemned it for the reason that it was said to require 44 units to produce one ton of copra. Another planter in his first attempt at curing in accordance with this method cured his copra at a labour cost of 34 units to the ton, and there can be no doubt but after his labourers were thoroughly accustomed to the work that labour costs could be greatly reduced.

This has been proved as another planter who has always followed the advice of the Department of Agriculture informed me that his labour cost was 17 units per ton, and he has been producing first class copra, obtaining a considerably higher price than Rabaul Sun-dried. The coco nut planter in New Guinea and elsewhere must realise that the only way to make his plantation pay to-day is to reduce costs of plantation maintenance and improve the quality of his copra by curing in some such method as the Cey’on type of drier.

This drier can be modified to suit large or small properties. That such methods are practicable is proved by the fact that a large estate of 18,000 acres in Malaya pro duces copra at an all-in-cost of less than £5 per ton f.o.b.

Every endeavour is being made by "he Department of Agriculture to raise the standard of N.G. copra by a system of copra inspection by qualified inspectors.

The scheme of copra inspection has raised the standard of our copra so that planters have received as much as 12/6 per ton over South Sea at which N.G. copra was pre viously rated, he added.

Sexava Insect Pest

Coconuts in New Guinea are compara tively free from serious disease, but they

are subject to attack by several insect pests common to the Pacific. We have, however, a very serious pest in New Guinea so far unknown to other Pacific Islands, but very closely akin to a species in Moluccas and the Taland Group of Islands in the D.E.I. It belongs to the family Tettigoniidae and the genus Sexava.

These insects may frequently be present on a plantation for years, but not in sufficient numbers to cause serious damage.

Then they may suddenly increase with alarming rapidity, reaching plague proportions. The insects can best be described as long horned tree hoppers, sturdily built and about four inches long. They are ravenous eaters and the noise made by eating (they eat mainly at night) resembles

a gentle breeze passing through the tops of the palms. Palms that have been heavily attacked are often stripped of their foliage and resemble an umbrella frame.

Ordinary methods of insect control are quite inapplicable for such a pest. In studying the problem I found that the same, or kindred insect, was found in Amboina in the Moluccas, where it was kept under control by a minute Chalcid wasp, Leefmansia Bicolor, parasitic on the Sexava egg. After correspondence with Dr. Leefmans, Director of the Institute of Plant Disease, Buitenzorg, Java, recom mendations were submitted to the Admin istrator (General Wisdom) in 1928 for the introduction of the parasites from the Moluccas to New Guinea. Considerable

correspondence ensued, but as often hap pens no action was taken. Too much can not be said for the action taken by General Griffiths, Acting Administrator, in the matter, for when the recommendation was submitted to him at the end of 1932 he sent for me and within an hour the scheme was put in motion. A Government schooner was prepared for sea and, within

little more than a month after necessary official action had been taken, left Rabaul for Amboina with Mr. J. L. Froggatt, en tomologist, on board. Mr. Froggatt suc ceeded in obtaining a large number of parasitised eggs and landed them safely at a field laboratory at Manus, in the charge of Mr. J. F. Caldwell.

Many thousands of local Sexava eggs were duly parasitised by the Leefmansia and breeding operations were then estab lished. The parasites have been ob tained from Sexava eggs collected in the field, and we have good reason to believe that they are established in that district.

The field laboratory has since been re moved to New Hanover under Mr. B.

O’Connor and his reports show that the parasites are gradually distributing them selves in Sexava infested areas on the Island. It is too soon yet to say what the ultimate result will be, but we cer tainly have good reason to hope that this campaign against Sexava will be a suc cess.

Other Islands Crops

It is very unwise that any country should depend upon one crop for its agri cultural development, he said, and the Department has made every effort to en courage the cultivation of crops other than coconuts. About the middle of 1928 operations were started for the develop ment of the Keravat Demonstration Plan tation, about 30 miles from Rabaul. Con trary to what has been said in certain quarters our records show that many ex periments and introduction of new crop plants have been made there.

Apparently many planters and even; officials have the idea that there are many tropical crops at present not cultivated in New Guinea, that can be grown profitably by Europeans. In New Guinea such how ever is not the case, particularly as the only districts at present accessible for development are those comparatively near the ccast. Some tropical crops are suit able on y for peasant cultivation, or on the other hand, on a very extensive scale, re quiring expensive machinery.

Pimento, for which there is but a limited demand, is practically grown only in Jamaica where there is little more than a peasant crop.

Nutmegs take long years to come into bearing and the prices ruling would not justify any planter growing them exten sively. It is a crop that requires careful handling and packing. There are a few trees bearing on some of the plantations to which the owners might well give their attention. The nutmegs are very subject to insect attack after harvesting and re quire careful packing. They should be packed in paper lined boxes weighing 56 lbs. each. The nutmegs also should be wrapped in paper and the joins or seams of the boxes sealed with adhesive tape.

Cloves have not yet been introduced to New Guinea, but the market for this spice is limited, and more than supplied by Pamba and Zanzibar (British Protectorate) and the Moluccas, D.E.I.

Pepper has been introduced by the De partment and is coming into bearing at the Demonstration Plantation and Botanic Gardens. This crop takes about six years to be in full profit and requires as inten sive cultivation as a market garden..

Ordinarily, the stock of pepper on the London market is 4,000 tons, but there are at present 25,000 tons, and so this crop would be of no assistance in relieving planters in the present copra slump.

Arrowroot, ginger, cardamons and cinnamon are minor crops cultivated at the Demonstration Plantation and Botanic Gardens, Rabaul, but the planter would be ill-advised who entered on their culture extensively, owing to the limited market.

Vanilla, another minor crop grown at the Demonstration Plantation, has greater possibilities, but only as a side line. As is well-known, vanilla is an orchid, and in New Guinea must be hand-pollinated to get any crop.

The fibre plants, Manila hemp, Sanse viera hemp and Mauritius and jute are all grown at the Demonstration Plantation and the Botanical Gardens, Rabaul, but not one of these could be grown profitably in New Guinea, for reasons unnecessary to specify here. An improved variety or sub-species of Sisal hemp also introduced to the Demonstration Plantation could pro ably be grown profitably in New Guinea, but only if grown on a very extensive scale. and under able and skilled manage ment. A great deal of expensive machinery wou'd be necessary for the successful cul tivation of this crop. The same applies to Tapioca, although this is a crop more

easily dealt with. Its production, however, on a profitable commercial scale by Euro pean planters requires considerable finan cial resources on account of machinery for its preparation. This crop is also being grown at the Demonstration Plantation and experiments are to be made in its preparation by simpler methods.

Desiccated coconut is also produced, there being three mills in operation, but there is little likelihood of expansion in this industry for the present.

The Derris Plant

Mr. Murray said the leguminous plant Derris is now receiving some attention as a plantation crop, and experiments are being made at the Demonstration Planta tion in the cultivation of an introduced species, probably Derris Malacceasis, and the indigenous species at present unidenti fied. A small sample of New Guinea Derris was sent by the Department to the Imperial Institute in London and was favourably reported on. Its rotenone con tent was approximately 4 per cent, and considered equal to the Malay product.

The rotenone content in this plant seems to be very variable, and until we have sufficient roots to make a trial shipment to London the Agriculture Department would not be justified in advising planters to enter upon its cultivation. It takes about 21 months from planting before the roots are ready for harvesting. The main toxic property in the roots is rotenone, which is now coming into use for insecti cidal purposes.

Adlay, a cereal crop introduced from the Philippines, is growing very well at the Demonstration Plantation, but both Euro peans and natives would need to acquire the taste for it before it could ever become an important crop in N.G. The grain, how ever, is appreciated by poultry.

The very few tropical crops left that could be grown profitably in New Guinea

are cocoa, rubber, coffee (Robusta and the Arabics), tea, cinchona, kapok, West Afri can oil, and sugar, all of which are culti vated at the Demonstration Plantation, except tea and cinchona.

Cocoa, Rubber And Coffee

During the German regime there was a considerable production of cocoa in the colony, but during military occupation such plantations were greatly neglected. Efforts are now being made to revive the industry and according to returns the exports of cocoa in 1933/34 amounted to 167 tons. Mr.

E. C. Green, of the Department of Agri culture, who took a post-graduate course at the Imperial College of Tropical Agri culture in Trinidad, was advised before his departure from Rabaul to specialise on cocoa and after his return he was specially detailed to inspect cocoa plantations in the Territory and advise the growers as to how to improve their methods. Before my de parture on leave, he continued, the Depart ment received very appreciative letters on the work of this officer, and there has al ready been a decided improvement in some of the cocoa exported from the Territory.

Amongst the cocoa trees in the Botanic Gardens, Rabaul, there are a few trees yielding beans of good type, round full seeds and light colour in longitudinal sec tion. These trees have been selected as mother trees for seed purposes and it has also been proposed to obtain some speci ally selected high quality plants from Java if regulations in that country permit.

A small coffee industry has been estab lished, there being four plantations of Robusta now coming into bearing. In N.G. this crop is far behind Papua, the exports for the last year from the latter territory being 122,000 lbs. as against our 11,000 lbs.

Owing to the large consumption of rub ber in Australia there are possibilities of this crop being worked on a profitable basis if up-to-date methods are employed.

No rubber is produced in the Mandated

Territory of New Guinea, but there are plantations in Papua, though I doubt if the maximum yield of dry rubber per acre in that Territory is more than 400 lbs. By the modern methods of rubber planting now practised in the D.E.I. and Malaya, that is by planting budded trees from specially selected high yielding clones, 1,500 lbs. per acre or more may be expected.

By an agreement between the main rub ber producing countries it is impossible to get any plant material from these high yielding clones, but if a thorough investi gation of the rubber tree were made in Papua by the estate managers there in co operation with Mr. Dwyer, our economic botanist, it is possible that we might dis

cover clones equal to some of the record yielders of Sumatra and Java.

At the Agricultural Station, Wau, in the Morobe goldfields district, at an elevation of little more than 3000 ft., the Department introduced Coffee Arabica of the famous Bue Mountain variety from Jamaica. Un fortunately, the station is now in private hands, but the trees are yielding heavy crops of excellent quality which find a ready local market. The rich mountain land on the Upper Ramu and many other parts of New Guinea are eminently suit able for Arabian coffee, high quality tea, and Chinchona, but it is useless to con sider the cultivation of these crops until suitable roads have been constructed into the interior. This is a matter, however, dealing with policy, on which it is not advisable for me to speak.

Mr. C. Stammerjohn, a pioneer German settler in Fiji, died at Suva at the end of March. He went to Levuka from Hamburg in 1883, and for many years was a planter at Vala Vala. During the Great War he was repatriated to Ger many, living there for several years before returning to Fiji to engage in planting and trading at Yalave, Fawn Harbour, Vanua Levu.

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Fruit Shortage

p. 40

Result of Samoa’s Bad Weather

From Our Own Correspondent.

APIA, April 11.

PUNCTUALLY, and true to Samoan tradition, the wet season, which has been very severe, terminated on March 31. The first days of April brought us a welcome change of weather with bright sunshine, cool easterly trade winds and clear, cold and starry nights with occa sional refreshing showers of rain.

The strong winds in January and Feb ruary blew down many banana plants on European and native plantations, which resulted in a considerable shortage of exportable fruit. Thus the last Maui Pomare cargo was short by over 2,000 cases. The Indien, expected here on April 17 to take about 4,000 cases of bananas for the Auckland market, may be unable to obtain a full cargo.

The continuous torrential rains and blows since January last have also done a lot of damage on cocoa plantations.

Cocoa planters have had a very small and unsatisfactory crop, with little to expect during the next six months. This prevents them from taking advantage of the improved market prices ruling at present for their produce.

A Trading Incident in Fiji

p. 40

“Tinned Cat”

years back, when I was trading in the Yasawas (Northern Fiji) I had a case of tinned rabbit in stock, and my first attempt to sell it was to a Waya native, who wanted a 1lb. tin of corned beef. I proposed he buy a 2lb. tin of rabbit, which was the same price as a 1lb. tin of corned beef.

I explained to him what a rabbit was, and that it ate grass, etc. He could not or would not understand, so for short I said its a bush vusi (cat). After long argument and explanations, he still per sisted in his belief that they did not put cats (or vusis) into tins. Besides, on the tin was a picture of both sheep and cattle.

I then said to him: “You give me 5/-, and I’ll open a tin for you. If it’s ‘cat' you pay for the tin and I’ll give you four more tins for your 5/-, which pays for the opened tin. If it is not ‘cat’ I return your 5/- and give you four tins as a pre sent, free.”

He thought it out, and when I repeated the offer a second time, up came the 5/-,. which he was certain he would get back, with four free tins of what he thought would be “bullmakau” (beef).

I opened the tin, put the contents on a plate, and showed him the “cat’s” shoul der-blade, ribs, backbone, and thigh or leg bones, and invited him to taste the “cat.’' By this time we had ceased entirely call ing it rabbit: it was vusi now.

He tasted it, squared up to the plate and devoured the lot. When he had finished he apologised for doubting my word, stood still, and with a far-away look in his eyes, said: “Turaga cats real good eating. My town is FULL of cats. When I go back home,

they are all mine!’’-

Tui Nalovo

The Lone Draftsman

p. 41

Unenviable Job In Pacific Territories

ONE of the most important duties of a Law Officer in a Crown Colony or a Territory is the drafting of legislation.

The Law Officer is responsible to the Governor or Administrator for advising him in every way connected with legisla tion, both as regards the substance and the form. Every year fresh points pre sent themselves for legislative action— administrative difficulties that have arisen in the past year, new policies that require legislative embodiment, developments of old institutions that require a recasting of the whole.

The Law Officer has to go into each matter from every point of view. As he has to consider Government policy and the interests of the community and the individual, he cannot accept departmental official proposals without adequate en quiries.

When we read Acts, Ordinances, and Regulations, few realise what the work of the draftsman is. It is taken for granted that the rules of good drafting are simply the rules of literary composi tion, as applied to cases where precision of language is required, and accordingly any one who is competent to draw in apt and precise terms a conveyance, a con tract, or a pleading, is competent to draw an Act or Ordinance. It is thought that a knowledge of English and a knowledge of the form and arrangement of Statutes are all that is necessary.

Much more is required. If the drafts man is to do his work well, he must be more than a mere shaper of words and forms. He must be a lawyer of wide knowledge, with constructive imagination.

The first essential is that the drafts man should be a sound lawyer with a wide experience in all branches of law. In addition, the ordinary training and prac tice of a barrister require to be largely supplemented for the purpose of drafting legislation. The draftsman must be con versant with the branch of law which re lates to the administrative duties and

powers of public authorities. He must understand the machinery of administra tion. There are questions which a prac tising lawyer does not have to consider, but which arise in the preparation of almost every legislative measure.

Before beginning to draft legislation, it is essential to master the subject matter.

It is needful to know the existing law and practice. The law is to be found in Acts, Ordinances, etc., in judicial decisions, and in legal textbooks. The practice—that is to say, the way in which the law actually works—is less easily learned. It must often be derived from personal experience or supplied by persons having such ex perience. A lawyer who has not had con siderable experience as a practising law yer is without one of the essentials of a draftsman.

“What is commonly called the technical part of legislation is incomparably more difficult than what may be called the ethi cal. In other words, it is far easier to conceive justly what would be a useful law than so to construct that same law that it may accomplish the design of the lawgiver” (Austin, Jurisprudence). “Noth ing is so difficult as to construct Acts of Parliament properly; and nothing so easy as to pull them to pieces” (Lord St.

Leonards).

Educating Papuan Girls

p. 41

AS a result of mission educational work among Papuan girls, their mental power is equal to that boys, stated Rev. Harold Short, L.M.S. missionary of Papua, at a meeting at the. Congrega tional Assembly Hall, Sydney, in April.

The mission schools prepared the chil dren for an examination in English con ducted by a member of the Queensland Education Department. In these exami nations, said Mr. Short, the percentage of passes by girls was high.

He praised Miss E. M. Riley, an educa tional worker from New South Wales, for her excellent work among Port Moresby children. The Papuan girls’ learning, however, concluded Mr. Short, was lost later on among the mundane jobs of housework and gardening, which were the only avenues open to them at present.

Advertisements & other items, pp. 41-42 (1 item)

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pp. 42-44

How to Let in Air and Keep Out Mosquitoes

Written for Pacific Islands Monthly by Rev. R. R. Hansehnann, of Madang, New Guinea

NEW GUINEA is becoming every day, in every way, a better place for the white man to live. The sooner we all realise that the tropics will not change to please us, but that we must adapt our selves to conditions, the happier and healthier we shall be and the better able to develop New Guinea’s resources and solve our specific problems.

Housing has been a problem and will become more so, for buildings of German

times are rapidly deteriorating, and cer tainly as soon as better times arrive, many new houses will be erected. Discussion and planning of tropical houses therefore should be timely and of benefit.

The usual tropical house has a few rooms in a straight row, with huge verandahs all around. The window and door space may be a trifle more than rooms have in our home countries; nevertheless the rooms are dark and stuffy and greatly lack the

friendly atmosphere of a home. Near the ceiling one frequently finds an opening in the wall for ventilation, but what a farce — for the heat, as it rises under the slanting verandah roof, forces itself into the rooms.

To screen such rooms would be unbear able for heat; therefore, nets over the beds are used as protection against mosquitoes during the night, and a corner of the verandah is screened in to give one peace at least while eating. As these screened corners are small and lack proper ventila tion, refuge for cool breezes and light is sought on the open verandahs, offering of course happy hunting-grounds for mos quitoes.

The kitchen resembles an attractive fly catcher.

Studying tropical home-construction and plans of other countries, I find we can adapt our homes to our specific climate more economically and practically than has been done. I have erected two houses and have applied, to our great satisfaction and comfort, many news ideas.

“More air and light for tropical rooms” must be the goal for New Guinea houses.

In striving for this, I have done away with the verandahs and have given to rooms four times the usual window space.

Verandahs are not essential here, as in Africa or India. The sun rays are greatly refracted, through the heavy humidity, and so the temperature of the sun remains much lower; and with our constant breezes

A house in Northern New Guinea, by Mr. Hanselmann, according to the plan described in this article.

the room temperature is not much dif ferent, whether the house has verandahs or not. Therefore, away with the huge verandahs, enlarge the rooms, and save money!

Outside walls exposed to weather and heat naturally have to be made well. Celo tex, well painted, is the best material for weather boards that are rabbeted. (See figure 1.) The rabbeting is very essential to obtain mosquito-proof walls, and to give a good finish for the inside. Inside board ing up of walls adds much toward looks and, if openings are left between each studding at the top and bottom of the out side walls and screened, it should make a slight difference in the room temperature.

Of utmost importance is the window space. Openings of ten to twelve feet wide and five feet high are easily screened.

Shades made of a light frame, braced well, covered with ordinary calico (light canvas better), sized well and painted green on the inside and white on the outside, manipu lated through little doors in the screen from the room and, when lowered, fitting snugly around the window frame and rest ing on a slanting window sill, will give the fullest satisfaction.

These shades are easily manipulated, due to their light weight and, when lowered, no rain or undesired wind can cause dis turbances. The shades should, however, be fastened at least six inches above the window space and openings left so that the

heat rising under the shades can escape.

Small permanent window sashes set in at each side of the large screened spaces will allow sufficient direct light when the shades have to be lowered.

Such rooms offer all the comfort of an ordinary verandah, but with protection against mosquitoes, and they give privacy, and an astounding homelike atmosphere.

Houses may now easily be made of two room depth, especially if large arch doors or sliding doors and panels are used (see figure 3). A guest room is not so im portant, but when sliding panels can be drawn down over cupboards, forming an arch door, and a door hung in, a lounging room is quickly converted to a room for privacy; and when removed, the large space of two rooms will be greatly appre ciated.

Bathrooms leading off from the sleeping room, made waterproof and having run ning water and drain pipe, add much towards comfort.

The kitchen is the woman’s workshop, and sufficient light, air, and space are vital.

Stoves built in nooks are very unpractical, for with servants around a stove all the space possible is desired. Stoves standing so that access may be had from three sides is ideal. The pipe rising straight up through the ceiling and roof will aid the draft greatly.

The stove pipe passing through a metal chimney or a larger pipe soldered, or with

Plans, roughly drawn by Mr. Hanselmann, to illustrate his method of building a house.

shoes resting over the galvanised roof, will prevent any rain coming down. A metal hood fastened to the bottom of this pipe or chimney, about four feet above and cover ing the stove, will catch heat, smoke and vapors and keep the temperature of the kitchen low. (Figure 2.) Screening of kitchens is the first step for sanitary homes.

Should more air circulation be desired, it can easily be achieved by connecting each room with a flue eight inches in diameter, rising from a register in the ceiling to a rotary style ventilator on the ridge of the roof; or, when possible, connected with the above-mentioned chimney, and a draft will be caused by the heat rising and escaping.

Registers in the floors, with wind funnels under the house, cause a flow of air into the rooms usually not considered possible.

With dampers in these flues, the draft can be controlled. (See figure 2.) A cut-off in the water pipe, leading from the water guttering to the tank, would mean much for cleaner water. After the roof has been rinsed off, permit water to flow into the tank. Just these little things mean much for health and happiness—and even a new house is not beyond the limits of any permanent tropical dweller.

With pit saws, have logs broken down to a two or three-inch thick slabs. These are easily handled and transported. On a portable saw mill, flooring, weather boards,

tongue and grooving, moulding, and all can be cut and dressed. These plants are light and not costly. Pit saws and a five horse power plant is the most practical and economical equipment for small undertak ings and repair work.

Although we may not be carpenters by trade, we can all do much to make our houses and stations practical, adapted to the tropics, sanitary and comfortable.

Advertisements & other items, pp. 43-44 (1 item)

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p. 44

New Guinea Public

THE following changes in the personnel of the New Guinea Administration staff were gazetted in Bulletin No. 37;

Appointments

Lloyd R. Lucas, Draftsman, Dept, of Public Works.

E. D. Robinson, Acting District Officer, Dis trict Services Dept.

H. L. R. Niall, Acting A.D.O., Dept, of District Services.

J. L. Froggatt, Acting Director of Agriculture.

Transfers

Dept, of District Services and Native Affairs R. M. Farlow, Patrol Officer, Gasmata to Sala maua.

H. L. R. Niall, Acting A.D.O., Rabaul to Madang.

J. R. Hyde, Cadet, Rabaul to Kavieng (en route Namatanai).

L. A. Considine, Clerk, Wau to Salamaua.

C. H. Maclean, Clerk, Rabaul to Kavieng.

Dept. of Public Health J. H. L. McGuigan, Medical Assistant, Rabaul to Namatanai.

C. M. McArthur, Medical Assistant, Rabaul to Namatanai.

A. R. Parry, Medical Assistant, Rabaul to Kokopo.

A. Coomber, Medical Assistant, Rabaul to Wewak.

A. J. Long, Medical Assistant, Rabaul to Kieta.

Temporary Appointments

T. White, Typiste, Treasury Department.

J. Gridley, Typiste, Treasury Department.

G. M. Alday, Typiste, District Services and Native Affairs Dept.

A. H. Anthony, Nurse, Public Health Dept.

R. G. Barnet, Clerk, Public Health Dept., trans ferred from Rabaul to Kavieng.

Samoa Again Exports Rubber

p. 44

From Our Own Correspondent.

APIA, April 12.

AFTER a lengthy interval of several years the export of Samoan plan tation rubber has started again, indicat ing that the rubber industry, abandoned on account of unprofitable prices, is con sidered a paying proposition again. Seven tons of rubber were shipped by the Inverbank recently from the Aleisa rub ber plantation of the New Zealand Reparation Estates.

The natives are still cutting large quantities of copra and Apia sheds are filled to overflowing with the product.

The Inverbank, which left Apia at the end of March, took away a large ship ment of 2,300 tons of copra, over 50 tons of cocoabeans, a small quantity of papain and 75 cases of rubber, all for Con tinental ports. The American steamer Carisso will lift another large shipment of 1,500 tons of copra about the middle of April.

Mr. Henry James Parsons, who had been a resident of Fiji for over six years, died at Tavua on April 4. Late in 1928 he joined the Fiji Department of Public Works and was on the clerical staff until he retired at the middle of last year.

Advertisements & other items, pp. 45-46 (1 item)

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Approaching Mount Hagen Area

pp. 46-48

Progress of Papuan Expedition Under Jack Hides

IN the middle of December last Mr. Jack Hides, A.R.M. of the Papuan Adminis tration, and Patrol Officer J. O’Malley left Port Moresby by the “Vailala” with native police and carriers in an attempt to penetrate the unexplored country be tween the headwaters of the Strickland River and the great Purari River which rises in the Mandated Territory of New Guinea and flows southwards across Papua to the Gulf.

The expedition sailed across the Gulf of Papua to Daru, in the Western Division, and from thence journeyed up the Fly River to Everill’s Junction. In the “Vai lala” they proceeded up the Strickland River to Douglas Bend, over 100 miles from the junction with the Fly. The party with their stores and equipment were then transferred to canoes and slowly made their way up the Strickland. After several weeks’ journey by canoe the party discovered a large river flowing into the Strickland from the east. This was named the Rentoul, presumably after Mr. Alex Rentoul, who was Resident Magistrate at Misima Island when Jack Hides was A.R.M. there.

As this river flowed from the direction in which their course lay, Mr. Hides de cided to follow it. After 40 miles by

water, hampered greatly by floods and rapids, the party disembarked, and at the middle of February were about to make a long trek overland through absolutely unexplored territory to reach the lago River, north-east Delta Division, and

later journey down the Purarl River to the coast. The party appeared then to be making satisfactory progress, and if all continues to go well news should be re ceived at the end of May that the expe dition have attained their objective, thus bringing credit to the Papuan Adminis tration, and fresh laurels to the intrepid young leader for his daring feat.

The following letter written by Jack Hides on February 19, when he was camp ed on the eastern watershed of the Ren toul River, was received by a resident of Port Moresby early in April, This was Mr. Hides’ last communication with civil isation before he made the dash inland for the Mount Hagen-Purari area: “Forty days have elapsed since the

Mr. Jack Hides, leader of the Papuan Government’s expedition, was born in Papua and knows the country and natives like a book. Before being given the job of leading this important expedition across unknown Papua, he was A.R.M. at Misima Island, south-eastern Papua. Previously he was a very successful Patrol Officer in the Administration service.

‘Vailala’ landed our party on an island above Douglas Bend, and in that period we have transported 50 men and about 8 tons of stores and equipment over 84 miles of water, most of the time con tending with floods. It was a terrific task: the fact that our camp is 4750 ft. above sea level will convey some idea of what was achieved. I have never seen the Gulf coast natives to better advantage than when they literally carried the loaded canoes over difficult rapids. At one stage we hauled them by ropes over a roaring cataract.

“On February 6, a river was discovered entering the Strickland from the east. It was a large river with its mouth partly concealed, and as it seemed to lead to the north I decided to follow it. For reference it has been named the Rentoul River.

“We have advanced 41 miles up the Rentoul, the last 20 miles being over rapids. Further progress by water is Im possible: high mountains are now crowd ing upon us, and the rapids are really cataracts. Three canoes have been de stroyed to remove all temptation from the carriers to desert, and the fourth will leave here in the morning with four police boys and two sick carriers. This leaves us with 10 police boys and 28 carriers. We are camped on the eastern watershed of the Rentoul, at approximately latitude 6 degrees 16.5 minutes and two miles west of meridian 142 degrees 30 minutes—or, roughly speaking, about 85 miles south west of Mount Hagen (in the Mandated Territory).

“The Rentoul appears to drain a large area of country. One confluent strikes N.N.E., draining high mountains near the Carrington River, as far east as 50 miles from the Cecilia Junction (where the Carrington joins the Strickland): and along this north-east line of mountains there rises a gigantic precipice—a huge wall of rock 10 to 12 miles in length and with a sheer drop of over a mile. These high mountains appear to be all of lime stone.

“A second arm of the Rentoul extends eastwards from our camp for a distance of 30 miles or so, losing itself in some high mountains that probably form the top watershed of the Kikori River (which eventually flows into the centre of the Gulf of Papua). In this direction there appears to be a large basin, flanked by these mountains and still higher ones to the north.

“I cannot quite make out this country yet: there are parts where I can see as far as the eye can reach, without a lofty mountain on the horizon. The main Ren toul —that which we are now following— seems to disappear into the north-east between mountains 8,000 and 9,000 feet high. I am inclined to believe that the country which lies ahead of us is of open grass valleys, densely populated. I may be wrong: but it is certainly inhabited.

“To the north and east of our present base the country is fringed with gardens —the first we have seen to date, though the territory we have passed through is all populated. As one looks back down the Rentoul, the hills soon disappear and the country in the vicinity of the Strick land assumes the character of an enor mous plain. This lower region, from the Carrington River in the north to the Dupotata Creek in the south —an area of approximately 1,000 square miles—is in habited for the most part by nomadic tribes, thinly scattered over swamp and forest. They are brown-skinned natives, wearing the grass sporan of the Gulf Kukukuku, and having a ring of dried human entrail as an ornament in the nose septum. The Strickland headhunters ob tain their heads from these primitive people.

“I saw some small areas cleared with stone axes, upon which the natives have

with difficulty raised banana and sugar cane crops, but of villages there were none. The people have accepted presents of steel from us, which we left at a dis tance, and they appear to be friendly. One day I came upon a sago encampment where a number of men, women, and children were making sago. They did not attempt to run away nor did they try to molest me, but when one of our armed constables got himself into a helpless condition in the mud, the men tried to murder him.

“It is difficult to estimate the number of these nomads, and I think it will always be difficult, because they are all wanderers and the whole forest is their playground.

There is probably no other part of Papua so full of game as this huge area of un dulating forestlands, and it is on account of this fact, I suppose, that these primi tive people are here, living to-day as they did probably before corn was discovered in Egypt. They are surely a part of the oldest inhabitant of this great island.

“We have three months’ stores left, and I expect it will take us fully that time to reach, the laro River (which crosses into Papua from the Mandated Territory of New Guinea and flows in a south-westerly direction, eventually to reach the Purari River and on into the Papuan Gulf). Once

we reach the Iaro River our journey to the coast should not be very difficult.

“We now start relaying into the moun tains. This will be slow—painfully slow —for some time, but once the rice is down to just that amount which we can carry off at once as a mobile force, then we shall move quickly, making a wide swing to the north and south and covering a large area of country in our last dash.

“I do not expect that we shall have any of our own food left by the time that we reach the Purari. In that area, however, I know what is ahead of us, and we shall be able to live, however, uncomfortably, on the country.

“O’Malley and I are fit and well and have flowing beards, like corsairs.”

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O. F. Nelson Ltd. Reduce

From Our Own Correspondent.

APIA, April 14.

THE well-known firm of O. F. Nelson and Co., Ltd., of Apia, Samoa, re cently reduced their capital to half the nominal amount. There are persistent local reports that negotiations are pro ceeding to sell out to a South Sea Islands concern at present not domiciled in Samoa. It is reported that negotiations have so far not led to any definite arrangement.

Freak Coconut Tree

p. 48

Letter to the Editor.

ABOUT July last, you published the photograph of a seedling coconut which threw a small head of young nuts about the size of grapes.

I now can advise you of a freak coconut tree which does not bear coconuts at all.

Instead it throws out of each spathe a young healthy growing coconut tree or seedling. There is absolutely no sign of a nut. The seedling tree is attached to the bole of the main tree.

This tree is at present growing on Mr.

J. G. Taylor’s estate at Uou Kaea on the island of Taveuni, Fiji.

The head of the tree is one mass of young growing coconut trees, on the bole of the tree there are quite a few young trees firmly attached to the mother tree.

Mr. Taylor has on several occasions cut a tree off, and planted it, but the young trees do not live.

There was only the one freak tree until a few years ago, when the wog passed to three trees in the next line of trees, and those three trees, which had previously borne good heads of ordinary nuts, started to throw varas (young seedlings) instead.

Mr. Taylor, getting “breezy” (who would not!) cut the three new contacts down; but is keeping the original tree as a curiosity.

This tree is well known by all residents of Taveuni as well as to the Agricultural Department, Suva.

Are there any similar trees in the Paci fic, I wonder?

I am, etc.,

Arthur Robinson.

Natovo Estate, Vanua Levu, 18/3/’35.

Cabaret

p. 48

Raid On Samoan

Police Seize “Sly-grog”

From Our Own Correspondent.

APIA, April 12.

ON Saturday, April 6, during the per formance of a ‘‘Hawaiian Night,” with Hawaiian dances and songs, Apia police raided the Moana Cabaret and confiscated a quantity of beer and other liquor.

The owner of the cabaret, Mr. E. Fab ricius, had sold tickets for the entertain ment at 10/- for men and 5/- for ladies, which entitled clients to free entrance, free refreshments, and a free supper.

The police found that amongst the re freshments supplied were whisky and beer.

It is believed that the police will prosecute the owner of the cabaret for illegal sale of liquor and beer, which con stitutes an offence under the existing prohibition regulations. This will be an interesting test case, as a conviction would automatically stop the dispensing of liquor and beer at several other establishments in Apia.

Mr. Arthur Henry Wastall, of Navua, Fiji, died in the Colonial War Memorial Hospital, Suva, on April 10, following a recent bad accident. He was born in Kent, England, and, after residing in Australia and South Africa, arrived in Fiji with his wife some 12 years ago.

Until recent years he was manager of “Miramar” boarding house in Suva.

Tahitian Treasure In Madrid Museum

pp. 49-50

Sacred Relic From Taputapuatea

By Eric Ramsden

IT is not generally known that one of the greatest Polynesian treasures, probably the only one of its kind now in existence in the world, is in Madrid. I am referring to the umete, or bowl of black dolerite, which the Spanish interpreter, Maximo Rodriguez, removed from the Taputapuatea marae at Punauuia, Tahiti, in 1775, and took to his patron, the Viceroy Amat, at Lima.

The bowl eventually found its way to Spain but not before it was used as a receptacle for washing up dishes at Lima.

The story is quite a romantic one.

Maximo was the only member of the party of four Spaniards left by Don Domingo Bonechea at Tautira in 17/4 to achieve any popularity with the Tahitians. The two priests shut themselves up, obviously afraid for their lives. The seaman in attendance upon them was a surly fellow and, through his own foolishness, almost met with the fate that the padres feared.

Maximo, on the other hand knew the Tahitian tongue, and although somewhat narrow-minded—due, doubtless to his re ligious training — was well liked.

When in Tahiti recently I visited Tautira, and was interested to learn that the site of Bonechea’s grave is still a mattor of conjecture. The local tradition is that a valuable jewel was buried with the Spanish commander, when he was buried at the foot of the cross, near the mission,

on the return of the expedition from Raiatea. In all probability the suggestion has no basis in fact. The mission, of course, was a failure,

Maximo Rodriguez’S Journal

In his racy narrative—which by good fortune was found in London some years ago in quite an unexpected manner by Bolton Glanvill Corney—there are several references to the famous black bowl. It is be to have been manufactured in Maupiti, which at that time was subsidiary to Puni, the celebrated chief of Pora Pora.

From Pora Pora it was taken to Raiatea, and then handed over to Tu, the first p om are Maximo came across it in the course of a tour of the island, and had not the slightest hesitation in asking for it. That the Tahitians were not particularly pleased to part with such a sacred object is evident by a subsequent attempt to steal it.

The passages in Maximo’s diary are of interest. On July 10, 1774, when visiting Pomare's people, he wrote: "It dawned clear and calm. I took leave of the chiefs, and came on accompanied by the arii, Otu's (Tu’s) brother. A beautifully wrought bowl of black stone was delivered over to me. This is a unique treasure, which I heard of through one of the natives as being in the possession of the arii Otu, which, on my begging it from him, he had consented to give me. He kept it however, in the district of Atehuru, where there is a large Stone-built cemetery, or marae, whereat they swear him in as arii. . . . . This bowl had been

dedicated to their god Eatua, and consequently I had some doubts whether I should succeed in gain ing possession of it. . . . ”

The bowl was actually handed over at Punauuia or, as the Spaniard calls it, “Teypunagui.” It was so large that it re quired four men to carry it.

The exact locality of this marae, where Maximo saw “a large number of skulls and human remains set out in regular order,” is also a matter for conjecture. It

is to be regretted that the French have not paid more attention to these historic ruins. In some cases maraes were actually dismantled and the stones used for road making or the building of bridges.

Next day, at Pare, the Spaniard was horrified to find that the bowl had been stolen from his canoe. “Which irritated me so much that I even used threats to them,” he says, in the Hakluyt Society’s translation of his journal, which I con sulted in the Mitchell Library in Sydney.

Eventually, the bowl was found buried in the sand, and Maximo spent the night keeping watch over the precious relic. On his return to Tautira on July 18, he noted: “I presently arrived home and found nothing noteworthy except the padres’ lack of interest in my journey. ...”

An Unhappy Mission

An extract from the journal of the priests on the same day is of interest: “The interpreter returned home with his party at 9 o’clock at night from the dis trict of Opare (Pare). . . . He also landed a large bowl made of black stone, and other things. . . .” The padres always wanted to treat poor Maximo as a servant, and invariably referred to him as “the Marine-Interpreter”!

Nothing further was heard of the bowl, after the departure of the Spaniards, fol lowing the close of their pitifully unsuc cessful mission, until 1912. It was then

discovered and identified in the National Collection in Madrid.

The original journal kept by Maximo has never been found, though several copies were known to be in existence. From the outset the padres were suspicious of him — he was only 20 years of age at the time— and did their utmost to discourage him writing at all, despite strict orders from the Viceroy to do so. Keeping the diary, declared Maximo, occasioned him “not a few anxieties, being at times obliged to write in pencil, at others to resort to some makeshift ink that he had prepared in secret, “because I wot not what grudges and suspicions entertained by my com panions against what I might write. . . .”

It was not until the “Beagle” arrived at Lima in 1837, under the command of Cap tain Robert Fitzroy (and with the famous Charles Darwin as a member of his staff), that a copy of the journal came to light.

It was presented to the Royal Geographical Society, of which Captain Fitzroy was an original Fellow, and there remained until discovered quite casually by Corney. The Chevalier Dillon, in his day one of the best known characters in the South Seas, is believed to have had another copy. Don Manuel Tirado, and the daughter of Maximo, gave Captain Fitzroy the copy, which was subsequently translated into English. The recipient was subsequently a particularly unsuccessful Governor of New Zealand.

As for the bowl, which Maximo delivered to the Viceroy, he complained some years later that he had to rescue it later from “the kitchen of a private individual who had dedicated it to the washing up of dishes, in spite of its being, as it really is, a treasure worthy of a niche in the Royal Cabinet for which it was destined.” It was, he added, prized by the Tahitians "as a thing sacred to their God.”

The pity is that there is so little material left in Tahiti and adjacent islands to recall the once splendid past. Even in the museum in Papeete there is really little of any importance, apart from the Mar quesan section. What is left has to be searched for in the museums of Europe and the United States.

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Paraguay

IT is notified in the official Gazette of the High Commissioner for the Wes tern Pacific dated March 20, 1935, that it is forbidden to export or re-export any war munitions, materials and aeroplanes from the Solomon Islands or the Gilbert and Ellice Islands to the country of Para guay, in South America.

It would be most interesting to know the story behind this official notification.

Evangelising Fiji

p. 51

A Century of Mission Progress

"THE conversion of the Fijians to the ‘Lotu’ is one of the most romantic stories in the history of the Christian Church,” wrote Rev. W. Deane, M.A., B.D., in the “Sydney Morning Herald” of April 6.

In the course of a long article he tells of the struggle of early Methodist mis sionaries to combat cannibalism and other hideous barbarian practices. He recounts how they sowed the seeds of Christianity, which later were to flourish under the devoted service of such work ers as Williams, Hunt, Hazelwood, and Watsford, until a century later Fiji was completely evangelised.

Four days’ sail from Tonga lies the Lau Group of Fiji, and to the small island of Lakemba journeyed Revs. William Cross and David Cargill, M.A., in 1835.

These two missionaries are generally re garded as the founders of the Fijian Mis sion, writes Mr. Deane. Already in the group, however, were two Tahitians, refugees from the Society Group, who had been landed at Oneata Island by the Hibernia, and who had influenced many natives towards Christianity. There were, also, a few Tongan Christians settled in the group.

Relating the circumstances that brought Cross and Cargill to Lakemba, Mr. Deane says that there had been a remarkable re vival in Tonga under the preaching of Nathaniel Turner. As a result the two missionaries decided to undertake the evangelisation of the “Cannibal Islands.”

King George of Tonga strongly supported them, sending an official ambassador with presents for Tui Nayau, King of Lakemba.

Cross and Cargill arrived in Fiji in the Blackbird on October 12, 1835, and went ashore in a small boat, anxiously await ing their fate. Making their way through a menacing crowd of natives they reached the King’s residence, and were hospitably received. Tui Nayau agreed to build houses for them, and when the dwellings were ready the families of the mission aries came ashore from the schooner to live and work among the natives in the name of their church. Later a native chapel was erected.

The landing 100 years ago will be cele brated in Fiji this year. On October 12, a great memorial church, now being built, will be opened. Twelve massive pillars will support the roof, and the church will look out towards the spot where the first in trepid white men landed.

The first convert at Lakemba, continued Mr. Deane, was a Tongan named Faubula.

He married a Fijian girl, and because of his newly-confessed faith was driven

away to Tonga. There he entered the na tive ministry, his son following in his footsteps. Faubula’s grandson also joined the missionary ranks and studied theology under Rev. A. H. Wood, M.A., B.D., at Tubou College, Nukualofa, and at the Mel bourne College of Divinity. He is Rev.

Jiotame Faubula, L.Th., who is now in Australia doing deputation work in the various States for the Methodist Mission ary Society of Australasia.

Aerial Transport In

p. 51

New Guinea

BEFORE he sailed on his return to London, Mr. J. P. Blaikie Webster, the new head of New Guinea Goldfields Ltd., made contracts with the New Guinea aerial transport companies for the hand ling- of N.G.G. freight. The lion’s share goes to Guinea Airways Ltd., and the balance is divided between Holden’s Air Transport Services Ltd. and Carpen ter’s Aerial Service. We understand the currency of the new contracts is one year.

If, as is reported, N.G.G. at last are to undertake a more active programme of development and gold-getting, they will have a substantial volume of freight be tween the coast and Wau.

Advertisements & other items, p. 51 (1 item)

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N.G. Magistrates

p. 52

Plea For Appointment Of Non-official Justices

By Gordon Thomas

THE report from Canberra that resi dents of Norfolk Island are to be appointed Justices of the Peace revives the question of the appointment of New Guinea residents as Justices.

On more than one occasion this matter has been brought up in the N.G. Legis lative Council and, though the suggestion has been tabbed “for consideration" by the Administration, no definite action has been taken. Most likely nothing will be done unless the matter arouses the in terest of Canberra and there is some practical and outstanding illustration of the need for a change in the present method.

Although the classification of the Pub lic Service allows for a Stipendiary Magistrate at a salary ranging from

£804 to £900 per annum, this office has been vacant since the death of Colonel Shillington in 1931. The duties since then have been carried on by officials of the District Service staff, who naturally were Government officials and, not un naturally, imbued with the Government outlook.

It is not my intention to infer that there has been any “miscarriage of jus tice” in the Lower Courts in Rabaul, but what I do wish to point out is the pos sible tendency for Administration officials, serving under Administration discipline and schooled in the Administration policy which, as a result of the terms of mandate from the League of Nations, is a partiality towards natives, being biassed in their findings when cases arise between the colours. There is the pos sibility that a finding on facts may be substituted for a verdict in favour of the “ignorant native” who is struggling to find his level in the social scheme of things.

Were a Magistrate appointed by the Governor-General in Australia and not numbered amongst the personnel of the Territory’s Public Service, it is reason able to expect that he would feel more free and unhampered in his duties on the Bench than if he were an Adminis tration official, whose verdicts, in the interests of justice, at times must be unsympathetic towards the general Ad ministration policy with possible em barrassing results.

A Stipendiary Magistrate should be appointed for Rabaul and Justices of the Peace should also be appointed both for Rabaul and outlying districts. Such action would undoubtedly be welcomed by magistrates themselves, as well as satis fying a large section of the general public.

It would be difficult to select a more suitable man for the position of “Stipe” than a certain District Officer who has almost completed 20 years in the service, and whose experience and knowledge of this Territory is unique. In the ordinary course of events he will, presumably, retire and occupy his time growing bal sams in a city suburb down South; thereby the Territory will lose the ser vices of an expert on native “fashion” and evidence, as his work on the Bench, on out-stations and in Rabaul has al ready proved.

Cook Is. Trading

p. 52

Schooners Busy Again

From Our Own Correspondent.

Rarotonga, April 20.

FOLLOWING their annual hibernation in Penhyrn Lagoon, the trading schooners Tiare Taporo and Tagua arrived back in Rarotonga last week. The Tagua came direct from the Northern Group, and Tiare Taporo via Tahiti, where for the second time during the past year she has undergone extensive repairs.

Both schooners left almost immediately for Mangaia, where they will ship 3000 cases of oranges, returning again in time to connect with the up-going mail steamer.

Considerable dickering took place by inter-island radio before the shipment was arranged, but this was finally affected on a satisfactory basis.

The Resident Commissioner, Judge H.

F. Ayson, C.M.G., was a passenger on the Tiare Taporo, paying one of those swift visits of inspection which have enabled him, over a period of 13 years, to keep his finger so unerringly on the Cook Island pulse.

Advertisements & other items, p. 52 (1 item)

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p. 53

Raging Seas

Brave Feat of Torres Strait Native Women

MANY Islanders throughout the groups and territories that dot the vast Paci fic have won deserved reputations for feats of heroism and endurance, but there has scarcely been a parallel with the feat performed at the end of last century by a young native woman of Darnley Island, Torres Strait, named Mauara Lifu.

Her courageous deed was recalled re cently when a handsome memorial of white coral and shells was erected by Darnley Islanders over her grave on Thursday Island.

At the height of the pearling season in March, 1899, the coast of North Queens land was suddenly swept by a desolating cyclone, and the fishing boats off Cape Melville received the gale’s full force. In the maelstrom of lashing seas and howling winds, 70, fishing ketches were wrecked, with the loss of seven white men and 300 natives.

When two white men were flung over board as their boat heeled over under the impact of mountainous waves, the young Darnley Island woman dived from her father’s lugger to the rescue. As she reached the semi-conscious men her own boat quivered drunkenly from stem to stern and capsized. Supporting the two half-drowned white men on her back, she swam for seven hours through violent and seething seas, until exhausted and in a state of collapse she and the rescued men managed to scramble ashore at a little beach on the Queensland coast.

Her courageous and daring feat attract ed considerable attention, and she was awarded the gold medal of the Royal Humane Society of England, being the first native woman to receive such a cov eted honour.

Amiral Charner

p. 53

Now Stationed at Tahiti

From Our Own Correspondent.

PAPEETE, April 16.

THE French war vessel, Amiral Charner, a light scout cruiser of 2,800 tons, ar rived in Tahiti recently to take the place of the Bellatrix, which returned to France last year to be scrapped. This new vessel —one of the latest additions to the French navy—is an oil burner, developing a speed of 18 knots, and, like her sister ship the Rigaud de Genouilly, which visited Papeete last year, is a gracefully built craft.

She was built at Bordeaux, and launched in August 1933. On her maiden voyage, the Amiral Charner left Toulon in April last year for the South Seas.

After proceeding through Suez Canal and calling at many French ports en route, the vessel reached New Caledonia at the end of 1934. At Noumea orders were re ceived to proceed direct to Tahiti and thus it was not possible to visit New Zealand as was originally intended.

The arrival of the Amiral Charner on March 31 was announced by the unac customed humming of a ’plane, which aroused the worthy citizens of Papeete from their usual Sabbath siesta, and sent them hurrying to the waterfront to be present at the reception. Since then the town has been more or less en fete and

the 122 officers and men have been well entertained in characteristic Tahitian style. His Excellency Governor Montagne gave a ball at Government House on Saturday, April 6, and a similar function was given by the Mayor of Papeete (Mr.

George Bambridge) on the 13th, which wound up the festivities for the time be ing.

The Amiral Charner is commanded by Capitaine de Fregate Monsieur Adelus, who was a distinguished aviator during the great war, and who holds the Legion d’Honneur and many other decorations.

The sea ’plane carried by this vessel is a scouting ’plane capable of carrying two men and remaining in the air for over three hours.

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Germany’s Future in

p. 54

the Pacific Will There be Union With Japan?

SOME short while ago the subject of Germany re-entering the Pacific was mooted in these columns. The bias of the article was distinctly, if guardedly, favourable, and at first sight there seems much to support that attitude.

But only at first sight.

The old sabre-rattling Junker Germany is admittedly dead. Potsdam haute ecole has become Munich basse ecole. But the same aggressive imperialism which coloured the former still tints the latter under its brown shirt.

Individually, we have no prejudices.

The characteristics which we have grown to assdciate with certain nationalities are so minutely present in each member that we hardly notice them at all. It is only when the individuals of a nation come together to form a national herd that we begin perhaps to dislike them.

The Germans one meets casually, in the Islands and elsewhere, are excellent fellows —on their own. Collectively, how ever, they immediately acquire a “na tional consciousness,” becoming, as ardent Nazis, a menace to world peace just as potent as their pre-war prototypes.

Nazism is the antithesis of inter nationalism. Broadly interpreted, it means “Germany for the Germans, and as much else as can be acquired.” It is a militant race-conscious fever running a dangerously high temperature.

If Germany returns to the Pacific she will do so as a strong Nazi-Fascist influence.

It is true that neither the Samoans nor the Marshall Islanders are likely to be come “Hitlerised.” If that were the only consideration, there would be no argu ment. Similarly, if sane administration was the focus of attention, there would be even less to say, since it is almost impossible to imagine a more hopeless muddle than has been made by New Zea land over the Mandated Territory of Samoa.

Unfortunately, the situation is rather more complicated.

The two great forces in world politics to-day are Fascism and Communism—the latter typified by the U.S.S.R. Between these two diametrically opposed prin ciples the war clouds are as surely gathering as they gathered in 1914, and every indication points to an alliance be tween Imperialist Japan and Fascist Germany, both bent upon the same ob jective (the expansion of their frontiers) but with the interests of neither con flicting.

Given naval and military bases in the Pacific, Germany would be in a unique position to aid Japan, and, granted that such an alliance matured successfully, what would be the probable result? Ger many, as her share, would recover the “Polish corridor” plus a substantial cut of Soviet territory; while Japan would not only annex further Pacific holdings (she has already declared her intention of retaining the Mandated Islands), but would also acquire complete commercial and strategic possession of these waters.

The question is not one of whether communist Russia should or should not be attacked, but rather of the effect of such an attack on neutral peoples. Any move which tends to increase the pos sibilities of war and the further extension of Asiatic influence in the Pacific is a grave error to be avoided at all costs, particularly at the trifling one of a little false sentiment over the return of the ex-German colonies.

The possible reply to this, that in the event of a successful campaign Germany would guarantee the protection of exist ing interests, is all “boloney,” for in these days of political realism nobody has much serious consideration for those who are too weak, or who have let slip the oppor tunity, to help themselves.

R. Julian Dashwood.

Colonies?

pp. 54-56

Shall We Return the German Colonies?

Letter to the Editor THE serious situation that may arise in the Pacific through the aspirations of a recreated Germany, so vividly expressed in the able article in your January issue, is worth of all the consideration that dwellers in this Territory can give it.

If it be accepted that the effect of the vote by the German nationals in the Saar Valley, for a return to full citizenship of their native land, will act as an inspiration to that country to re commence a programme of Empire building over seas, it is certainly time we began to think what can be done about it. An added incentive to do the right thing would be our acceptance as sincere of Hitler’s recent utterances to the effect that Ger man aims are all directed towards universal peace.

There may be pathos in the hysterical attitude of France, whose feelings of terror are engendered by propinquity and past experience. On the other hand, we have an arrogant Japan backed by an expensive navy. We must set our faces against all this kind of thing and approach the subject in a big hearted way.

Our recent action in wiping out an attempt by a German shipping line to establish themselves in these waters (because they would interfere with, our trade, forsooth!) can only create unfriendly feelings and convey an impression that any hint of German expansion will be bitterly resented by us.

Yet with a renewal of colonisation by Germany in the Pacific we must accept the fact that German shipping would follow as a national sequence.

But that need not concern us greatly for if, as the inference of your article suggests, we carry out this act of restitution and hand the Mandated Territory back to Germany, it would be unlikely that many of our nationals would remain in it, so that the necessity for British shipping lines would

practically disappear.

It is more or less upon this issue that the writer feels unable to go quite all the way with you. Even if we feel that the Mandate was thrust upon us in the first place and that we have really

no right to be here, it might be contended that we have done something towards the country’s de velopments, during the last 10 years, at any rate, and that we are due for some reward. To meet this contention, and as this letter is meant to be constructive, it is suggested that when this ques tion of colonisation is awakened in earnest —if it must be—Germany might be offered the return of the islands of New Britain and New Ireland and their surroundings as they stand to-day while we retain that portion of the mainland which we now occupy. It is submitted that, in this way, we would return to the Germans not only most of their lost territory but almost all of the value of the indemnity that they agreed to pay as well.

Their colonisation would be almost the same as it was after their previous 50 years’ occupancy and

our own conscience would be clear!

The position of this portion of the Territory then would be unique. It would have the agreeable distinction of being practically the only solvent and surplus producing State in the world—in fact there would be nothing to hold it back.

The whole question certainly merits the concen trated study of all those who have the interests and well being of all other nations—and our own, of course—at heart.

I am etc.,

Janus.

Wau

26th February, 1935.

EDITORIAL NOTE: While the argument in the article to which our correspondent refers was in favour of the return of the German colonies, we have expressed the opinion repeatedly that the restoration of the Pacific Islands (New Guinea, Marshalls and Carolines, Samoa) is not practical politics. Those islands are at the end of 10,000 miles of communications and are very difficult to defend. Germany can get full scope for her colonising genius, and a rich source of raw ma terials, by arranging the return of her former African territories.

At the third annual general meeting of the members of the Pacific Islands Asso ciation held on April 4 the following Council was elected;—Sir Hubert Murray (President). Sir J. Maynard Hedstrom (Vice-president), Hon. Alport Barker, M.L.C., Messrs. J. Colclough, J. W. Baldie, R. W. Robson, W. B. Rainsford, and G.

M. Rodger, Drs. W. L. Calov and C. C.

Simson, Rev. M. A. Warren and Capt. S.

G. Green.

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Rarotonga

p. 56

Lord Baden-Powell

Banana-Leaf Banquet in Rarotonga

From Our Own Correspondent.

Rarotonga, April 16.

THE Chief Scout, Lord Baden-Powell, A accompanied by Lady Baden-Powell and their two daughters, passed through the Cook Islands last month on the Maun ganui. Local Girl Guides paraded for in spection on the L.M.S. grounds at Taka moa, where a number of European ex servicemen were also present. Afternoon tea followed, and the visitors then left for a native umukai, prepared by the Return ed Soldiers’ Association in the Osana Hall.

As the small soldierly figure appeared drums whirred, thumped and pounded. A statuesque, half-clad Rarotongan leaped forward, stamped the ground, advanced, shook like forty thousand jellies, and fell back among the spectators. Delighted, the Chief Scout took photos., and insisted on a repetition of the dance.

Received by Capt. J. D. Campbell, the party were then introduced to a bewilder ing array of Cook Island dishes served on banana leaves spread along the floor of the hall.

During the meal two large pearl-shell hooks were presented, the gift being made in a singularly apt speech of welcome by a local native. Replying, Lord Baden- Powell expressed the hope that on his next visit he would find not only Girl Guides, but also a troop of Boy Scouts on the is land.

Caroline

p. 56

On South Seas Cruise

Douglas Fairbanks in Yacht Caroline

From Our Own Correspondent.

Suva, May 12.

ON an extensive cruise of the Pacific Islands, the motor yacht Caroline, owned by Mr. Johnson, of New York, ar rived in Suva Harbour, Fiji, on May 6.

On board was Mr. Douglas Fairbanks, the famous film actor, who has made and directed several motion pictures in con nection with the South Seas. His last visit to the Islands was to French Oceania to take part in the production of “Robin son Crusoe,” in which he played a lead ing role. On the present occasion, how ever, he devoted his time to fishing and the enjoyment of Islands sports.

Two women, the owner’s wife and Lady Ashley, were also passengers. When the latter’s husband sued her for divorce in London recently, Douglas Fairbanks was named as co-respondent.

Before reaching Fiji, the yacht voyaged through French Oceania, landing several screen stars at Papeete in mid-April.

From Tahiti the party cruised among the Society Islands, then sailed across to Pago Pago, American Samoa, where they spent several days.

After three days at Suva, the Caroline sailed for the Solomon Islands, Japan, China, and the East Indies, and finally will go to Southhampton, England.

Lance-Corporal J. H. M. Bower, of the Samoan Constabulary, was in New Zea land on furlough at the end of April.

Pioneer Planter Fears Native

p. 57

Trouble

Letter to the Editor.

I READ with interest and sincere approval the letter by “Veri” in your issue of December last. It is in my opinion the soundest and most honest plea for a revision of the conditions under which managers, especially of isolated plantations, are suffering to-day, and have suffered ever since the inception of Civil Administration.

I am an Australian returned soldier with eighteen years of experience of handling native labour, with a good record; yet have to travel per boot 100 miles to take in witnesses, to say nothing of swimming several rivers to lay a com plaint against a native. The essence of punishment to a native is its promptness.

After days of delay on the road —weeks, if the rivers are up—the offence, to the native mind, is lost sight of; and often I have to parade the erring boy before a youth in the Administration who can scarcely speak Pidgin.

If the white man on the plantation is considered capable—as he is certainly held responsible—to doctor, ration, pay, generally look after and apportion work to his natives, he should be empowered to maintain discipline on the job, and he can’t do that without the aid of a cane.

The boys themselves prefer summary jus tice and were much happier under the old regime. They knew then where they stood. At present, they do not, as wit

ness the numerous cases of rape and indecent assault on white children and women. Five such cases were reported in a recent issue of the Rabaul Times.

Ten years’ imprisonment was given in some cases. Ten strokes on the tail ad ministered when the rot first set in would have prevented all this. In fact, there would have been no rot.

Often have I had boys, when bowled out in things they should not do (and knew they shouldn’t do) ask me to administer punishment and finish with it. I have done so, and realised the grave risk I was running. My contention is, there should be no risk in the perform ance of an essential, although distasteful task. Incidentally, the requests are made not from fear of calaboose —far from it! but swift retribution is native style, and that is all they understand, even with all our years of coddling.

After long years of pioneering in this country, which I like, and after planning to spend my old age here, I am really afraid of big native trouble in the near future, and I intend selling out when a fair price offers. I am aware my selling will not alter the Administration’s policy, but it will mean some other white man must face the grave issues I am tired of facing.

I am, etc.

Pioneer.

New Ireland, 22/2/35.

Distinguished Soldier

p. 57

Visits Rarotonga

From Our Own Correspondent.

Rarotonga, April 19.

'Peripatetic Capt. A. J. Carfax-Foster paid us a final visit last month, and will return again by the Maunganui to Wellington, where he is at present in business. Capt. Foster formerly owned the “hoodoo” plantation of Arakuo, and later was connected with various activities in the Group.

Besides the M.C., M.M., and Croix de Guerre (2 palms), he holds the distin guished foreign decorations of Commander of the Redeemer (Greece) and Knight of the Sun and Eion (Persia). Second son of the late Sir Harry Graham Foster, Bt., he nearly succeeded to the title in 1931. He would have done so had not his elder brother relinquished American citizenship and returned to England.

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Tahiti’S Trade

p. 58

Rises

Review of French Colony’s 1934 Statistics

From Our Own Correspondent.

PAPEETE, April 17.

THE 1934 trade statistics for French Oceania —published in the “Journal Officiel” of April 1, 1935 —show a consider able upward tendency in both imports and exports, particularly in the latter, which, with a total of 16,879,000 francs gives an increase of 2,126,000 francs over 1933. The total imports and exports amounted to 37,012,000 francs in 1934, which is 2,788,000 francs more than in 1933.

An examination of the returns discloses that the increase in exports is entirely ac counted for under the headings of copra and vanilla. Copra, which amounted to 17,920 tons valued at 7,893,000 francs in 1933, increased to 23,877 tons valued at 9,565,000 francs in 1934. The whole of the 1934 copra output went to France. Vanilla also showed an increase both in quantity and value, the respective figures being 52.9 tons valued at 793,000 francs in 1933 as against 103 tons valued at 2,280,000 francs in 1934.

Phosphate rock exports from the island

of Makatea showed a small decrease from 79,044 tons in 1933 to 77,470 tons in 1934.

Most of this rock was shipped to Japan.

Only 60 tons of mother-of-pearl shell were exported during 1934, the market for this commodity being in a stagnant condition.

M-O-P shell, copra and vanilla make up 91 per cent, of the value of all exports from the Colony. Included in the remain ing 9 per cent, are hides, bees-wax, beche de-mer, sweet potatoes, pearls, sugar, coffee, fungus, rum, and tobacco, all in negligible quantities.

As usual, the U.S.A. sold more goods to French Oceania during 1934 than any other country, American imports being worth 6,061,000 francs. France took second place with 5,143,000 francs. Australia and New Zealand together supplied 4,023,000 francs worth; China 2,426,000 francs (mostly sugar and soft goods); England 1,210,000 francs; and other countries 957,- 000 francs.

The French share of the import busi ness amounted to 25.54 per cent, and of the exports 68.85 per cent, the latter showing a constant increase since 1930 when it amounted to only 29.10 per cent.

This change has been brought about largely by the introduction of a bonus on copra shipped to France, and the in auguration of a regular service between France and Tahiti, via Panama, by Mes sagerie Maritimes steamers.

As anticipated in last year’s reports the transportation and re-export business, which amounted in 1933 to 13,233,000 francs dropped to 671,000 francs in 1934 owing to the complete cessation of the liquor traffic between Tahiti and Mexico.

Formerly, before the repeal of prohibition in America, the transhipment of liquor cargoes from Canada, Scotland and Europe was quite a lucrative business in Tahiti. The liquor was taken aboard tramp steamers, landed in Mexico and smuggled across the border into U.S.A.

A total of 68 vessels entered the Colony during 1934, with a total tonnage of 264,131. Of these 37 were British (144,211 tons), 19 French (67,427 tons), three American (25,309 tons), and the remain ing nine from other foreign countries (27,184 tons).

Trend Of Rubber

p. 58

A London trade report published in mid-March expressed the opinion that the immediate outlook for the rubber grower continued adverse, and prospects did not appear so promising now that actual production from the principal pro ducing countries was known for another six months at least.

Mr. R. C. Laycock, a well-known plan ter and trader of Ysabel, Solomon Islands, returned to Tulagi in connection with his business interests by the Malaita on April 18. He intends to remain in the Group for about a year.

May Mean to Copra

p. 59

What “Hydrogenation”

May Mean to Copra Producers

OUR friend, Mr. J. M. Clift (formerly of Solomon Is.), has directed our atten tion to a recent article in the Melbourne "Argus,” wherein Professor A. M. Low describes the new process known as hydrogenation, and what it may mean to the world.

Hydrogenation—stated briefly and very inadequately—is the method recently dis covered by scientists by which the ap parently fundamental character of sub stances is changed. A diamond, a piece of coal, and a lump of graphite were iden tical in their initial chemical make-up; but Nature, in the course of millions of years, has subjected the original sub stance to different processes, and to-day it is presented to us as quite different things. Science, having proved that this is so, is proceeding to do, in a few hours, in the laboratory and workshop, what was done by Nature over periods of almost in calculable length. Scientists are as yet only on the edge of this marvellous new world. What they are going to accom plish eventually, in transmitting masses .of apparently useless stuff into foods and materials of value to humanity, heaven alone knows.

Take coal, for example. The forest deposits of millions of years ago, have be come the common carbon. But, in cer tain cases—some think it may have been the result of the action of the sun upon masses of seaweed —hydrogen was added to the original carbon base; and so, in stead of coal, we get the hydro-carbons, such as paraffin oil, petrol, tar, an! many allied substances. To-day, the world’s industrial chemists are at work on the process of securing at will a practicable union of coal and hydrogen, so that humanity may obtain the more precious oil.

That is only one example of hydro genation. There is no limit to the possi bilities of the thing.

We quote, verbatim, the section of the article which is of particular interest to copra producers: ‘‘Oils have been made from cottonseed for many years, but this oil can now be hydrogenated or ‘hardened’ to a fatty substance having the consistency of lard.

It is, in fact, a type of synthetic lard produced at many times less the cost of the original substance, and possessing, for certain purposes, better qualities. Even whale or herring oil can have hydrogen added to their formation in such manner that the least semblance to a fishy oil is removed —to the point, in fact, at which these materials can be employed for the manufacture of chocolate in place of cocoa butter. As solvents, the industrial im portance of turpentine and linseed oils can hardly be exaggerated, but they can now be ‘hardened,’ to use the trade term, and employed, together with fish oils, in the manufacture of pleasant-smelling soap.

“Would any chemist of the late decade have believed that whale oil would form a valuable constituent for the manufac ture of margarine and cooking fats, equalling in result a similar natural pro duct, made, perhaps, by a comparable process, but extending over 100,000,000 years? Perhaps the most remarkable point of all is that the process which achieves these results is as yet in its earliest stages.”

Cohabitation In Cook

p. 59

Islands

Letter to the Editor.

MY reply to Mr. Dashwood’s letter (P.I.M., 24/1/’35) need be very brief.

In paragraph 1 he says I write “a lot of nonsense”; yet in paragraph 9 he ad mits ‘‘I do not know the early history of Niue.”

Mr. Dashwood’s name does not, so far as I can find, appear on the list of visi tors to Niue, and is not among those of past residents of the Island.

Need I say more?

I am, etc.,

Fair Play.

Niue, March 18, 1935

Advertisements & other items, pp. 59-60 (1 item)

Delicious!!

DEATH NOTICE

COOK—April 16, 1935, at 61 Curtis-road, Balmain, Roland Rasell Cook (Captain Bob), of Kilinwata Plantation, Bainings, New Guinea, and London, England, aged 61 years.

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Copies of Mab’s Fashions; Roma’s Pictorial Fashions and Home Fashions available. — P.O. Box 116. Tel.: 141.

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When and where to use this delightful refresher.

At the dance or theatre At all other social functions After outdoor sports: tennis, golf, etc.

When traveling In bath and wash basin In illness and convalescence Cooling - Fragrant - Invigorating How to he used: Apply to face, forehead or body, inhale from handkerchief, spray in room.

Fashion Hints for Islands Women

p. 60

By Therese

NEWS of the new hats comes to us— humorous and interesting news, that fills us with excitement. All sorts of in triguing designs are offered, and ribbon or flower trimmed or not trimmed at all, we hail them with exceeding delight.

Though crowns may soar skywards for evening, the light of day sees them flat ter than ever—almost crownless, if such could be, as shown by the Spanish influ ence. Very toreador-ish —bull fights and what nots.

Brims are pushed forward with a rush, and there are poke bonnets for the jeune fille of wide-eyed innocence and naivete.

Square fronts have sawn-off backs and brims rolled or twisted at the side, with a cock-a-hoop air. Sailors, small or me dium, are made in shiny black straw, with brims turned skywards. Pique bows, patent leather straps, and gaily striped bands trim the tailored hats, while pastel panamas revel in a glorious confusion of flowers of every variety.

There is joy in the knowledge that stitched taffeta, piques and linen hats are

still to be our friends, for they offer such infinite possibilities with their jaunty freshness.

Blue, since it is Queen Mary’s favourite colour, is well to the fore. A blue linen frock, with hat, bag, and gloves of deeper blue, is really charming, and if you are adventuresome try the same blue frock with pink accessories. You will be de lighted with the result.

Sports clothes are of extreme simplic ity, with skirts a little wider and a little fuller. Polished wooden buttons and buckles add distinction to this type of frock.

There is youthful charm, that is flatter ing about the little frocks of printed cot tons and silks in fast colours; frilled or smartly tailored without severity. They are all the heart could desire.

White, printed with blue spots, makes a most attractive frock, with its kerchief of blue tied cowl effect, with a knot at the back of the neck.

A pastel linen is worth considering with the drooping shoulder line forming the sleeves, buttons on the shoulders and, down the sides of the bodice, making it marvellously simple to slip in and out of- The neck is cut square, lower at the back than the front, and a vivid belt knotted at the waist forms the necessary colour con trast. A very cleyer combination of three colours —fashion’s newest whim —is the skirt of pale blue, topped by a blouse of faintest pink, and over all a lilac coat. It is a study in coolness, and offers infinite variety of accessories.

Finger length jackets lined with ma terial to match blouse or dress are the last word in chic. For tropical wear, a rather wide facing can be substituted for the full lining quite successfully.

A hip length mandarin-like jacket worn back to front buttons all the way up. Its slashed front and three-quarter sleeves reveal belt and blouse in contrasting shade. The hat falls in with the general colour scheme.

Stripes and spots aplenty! But stripes on the cross to be really chic. A cross over frock of green and white stripes, ties at throat and waist with perky kitten ear bows, and with its very low back, is ab solutely ideal beach wear. The addition of a short sleeved little bolero jacket and it is ready for varied occasions.

Delightful variations, not only in white but in pastel blues and pinks, play an im portant role in the wardrobe. A last sea son’s frock needs refurbishing; and hey presto! With all speed come intriguing little collars, interchangeable gillets, jabots that tie or button on, odds and ends of gaily coloured scarves to play their part in the scheme of things, whereby a limited income finds unlimited possibili ties by their magic aid.

Cartridge pleating for both day and evening is again sponsored, and lovely is the coat of green velvet with its raglan sleeves, cartridge pleated on shoulders and at wrist. A large squashy bow of crim son and gold adorns the neckline, and beauty is complete.

Skirts are skirts, purely and simply.

Plain and well cut, they lend dignity equally to the frivolous little blouse or its more sober tailored sister. A softly gath ered frill falls from neck to waistline, trims itself with the tiniest of buttons, “tinker, tailor” fashion, and makes the daintiest of afternoon blouses. Basqued blouses and waistcoats of linen, plain or Roman striped, are the smartest sporting

Wedding At Wau

pp. 61-62

St. Augustine’S Church At Wau,

New Guinea, was beautifully decora ted on March 30, when Miss Ada Made line, second daughter of Mrs. A. E. and the late Mr. Buckeridge, of Carlton, New South Wales, was married to Mr. Clifford Benjamin Austin, of Golden Ridges, Wau.

Rev. V. H. Sherwin conducted the marriage ceremony.

Mr. C. D. Beck gave the bride away and his daughter, Nance, was chief brides maid. Mr. F. J. Curry acted as best man.

After the ceremony a reception, with Mrs.

C. D. Beck as hostess, was held at Golden Ridges. wear. When buying linen, a good quality heavy linen is undeniably the best pur chase, especially for skirts. It has many virtues, keeps its shape and —distinct ad vantage for tropical climes —can be worn with the absolute minimum of undies with all due modesty and decorum.

Fashion shows many delightful new shades on her colour charts. Amber is lovely, as is the very new pink called “desert rose.” Sweet pea shades are de liciously delicate, and in the cobweb chif fons, gauzy voiles, and sheer organdies are so cool, crisp and fresh-looking that we are lured to wild extravagances. Gay flowered materials have untold charm and, since it is a floral season, infinite popularity.

Flowers are worn for both day and evening—strewn in gay abandon every where. Necklaces of daisies, bunches of tawny chrysanthemums at waist, camelias at throat, gay little posies of old world charm peeping from low decolletages. All have a beauty that is irresistible.

White is triumphant for evening wear.

A classically cut gown of satin has its wide sleeves falling voluminously away from the wrists, its waist girdled loosely with silver cord. A robe for a vestal vir gin, forsooth.

A detachable plastron of silver sequins boasts a softly falling cowl back, and is a thing of beauty on whatever frock you will.

There is witchery in the frock of misty lace in pastel shades. Light and airy as thistledown, its only touch of reality is the vivid sash and huge bow that adorns it.

Tulle and satin combined spell imme diate success. Frothing black tulle goes over a foundation frock of satin. Rippling ruffles run up and down and round about the skirt, and the sash of tulle with tre

The Bridal Group.—From left to right: Mr. F. J. Curry, Mr. C. D. Beck, the Bride groom and Bride, Mrs. C. D. Beck, and Miss N. Beck.

Photo. : S. Lewis.

mendous bow, is caught on the hip with gleaming jewelled clip.

With an evening gown of crimson, huge ruffles of gathered tulle in brilliant green are slipped on just about the elbow. These ruffles are newer than sleeves, and offer tremendous scope for clever combinations.

A gold belt and gold slippers lift a black frock to dizzy heights.

Saris, Eastern-princess fashion cleverly modulated, are causing a sensation abroad.

This fascinating mode can be emulated by a cleverly arranged detachable scarf of immense width, that drapes over the head and falls in soft folds at the side.

Puffed sleeves, wide belts, bouffant skirts are in league to make waists slim mer than ever, and are very feminine in their appeal.

Charming gowns for informal evening wear, are made on shirtmaker lines, reaching to the toes, and depending on gay buttons and vivid belt or sash for their festive air.

Buttons, buckles and clips in the new composition “prystal,” a glass of delicious dullness, are a welcome change from the crystal and brilliant ornaments that have enslaved us for many seasons.

Slumber wear is more entrancing than ever. Cut on the cross and evolved in shimmering satin, nighties are scarcely distinguishable from evening gowns.

There is an ingenious new strapless brassiere on the market, guaranteed to stay up without assistance —a boon, since the off-the-shoulder mode still persists for evening wear. Its delightful twin, the pan tie girdle, is a marvellous foundation gar ment that eliminates all unnecessary bulk and gives the sleek, svelte line that spells success to both sophistication and sim plicity in modern clothes.

Advertisements & other items, pp. 61-62 (1 item)

Complete Frock Service

HORDERN BROTHERS’

Chic Styles and Fabrics

to Choose from

Three styles have been chosen from world famous makers new selections. Each is with the pattern of a material in which it would look charming.

All materials are extremely low priced a whole dress would cost only a few shillings. n sending be careful to quote No’s, of material pattern, and bust measurement. All patterns available in 32in., 34in., 36in., 40in. busts.

No. 55,251, Charming Frock. Simple to make.

Requires 4¼ yards Material 2. Pattern 1/9.

Material 2. Printed Chiffon Cotton Voile, 38in. wide, with small floral pattern on white ground in fadeless shades of red, green, saxe and navy.

Usually 2/6.

Special, yard All the new Styles in “Home Fashions” Book- When sending be careful to quote No's. of material and pattern, and bust measurement. All patterns are available in 32in., 34in., 36., 40in. busts.

No. 1,290 No. 55,251 Charming No. 55,718 No. 1,290. Shirtmaker Frock, with centre pleat in skirt.

Requires 4 yards of Material 1. Pattern 1/9 Material 1. Check Gingham, 36-inches wide. Standard qualities and fast colours in medium and large block checks.

Fast shades of green, blue, brown, red, pink, helio, navy, black, on white. Extremely low price, yard 11½d

PITT AND GEORGE STREETS, SYDNEY.

No. 55,718 has centre panel and pleats. Requires yards of Material 3. Pattern 1/- Material 3. Printed Haircord in fast washing colours, in shades of blue, green, pink, brown, orange. 28in. wide. Extremely low price, yard, 11½d

GILLESPIE’S

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THE SMARTEST, MOST COMFORTABLE TROUSERS

They just button on

No belts, no side straps

See how smoothly Gripu Trousers fit. The patented and guaranteed elastic waistband sets to any required tension. One button adjusts it to your comfort. Gripus are never too tight or too slack. They are resilient, and they hold the shirt neatly down. Worn by the world’s greatest tennis and cricket stars. Gripu Trousers are ideal for sport. They are ideal, too, for tropical wear. Ask your outfitter for Gripu Trousers . . . Creams and Coloured Flannels are available.

GRIPU TROUSERS

Gripu Trousers are one of the special Challenge lines. The Challenge range includes all men’s wear as well as Blankets, Sheets, Pillowcases and British Chief and Murralta all-purpose summer fashions. See the samples on display by our representative during his regular island trip.

WHOLESALE DISTRIBUTORS

D. & W. MURRAY, LTD., SYDNEY

Cook Is.

p. 62

After 15 Years In

Mr. E. H. Townsend Returns to New Zealand

From Our Own Correspondent.

Rarotonga, April 20.

RETURNING to Head Office after more than 15 years in Polynesia, Mr. E. H.

Townsend will leave for New Zealand with his family by the Maunganui on April 23.

Arriving in Rarotonga in 1920, he ad vanced rapidly through all the successive stages, from junior assistant to manager of Messrs. A. B. Donald and Co.’s main store here. He assumed the managership on the retirement of Mr. E. J. Matthews, in 1927.

Taking over at the peak of the boom, Mr. Townsend has had the difficult task of steering a large concern, built up on a tradition of prosperity and “good times,” through a period of unprecedented de pression. That he accomplished this suc cessfully merits the warmest admiration for his commercial stamina.

Cultured and artistic, his departure fur ther impoverishes Rarotonga’s social circle. As a former president of the local tennis club and captain of the cricket team, he will be equally missed in sport ing circles.

Twice married, Mr. Townsend’s present wife is a daughter of Mr. R. M. Forester, until recently manager of the Cook Island branch of W. H. Grove and Sons, Ltd., of Auckland, N.Z.

Housekeeping in the Tropics

p. 63

Conducted by “Dorothea”

THE more one travels through the tropics, the more it is brought to notice that women damage their own good looks with well-intentioned methods.

Beginning with the top of the head: When it is found that the hair is becom ing a little drab in colour and texture, does the owner say, “ I am obviously run down and in need of a tonic, or my hair could not look like this?” Does she take care of herself, massage her scalp, brush her hair, and coax it back to its healthy sheen?

Oh, no, she treats it; sometimes with peroxide, which dries up the hair till it looks like old straw, and she is then sur prised that the hair will not take a wave.

There are many brightening rinses, which can be made or bought, which will not dry up the hair, so that it is foolish to use peroxide, which is well known to spoil the natural tints of the hair.

Use a good hair tonic when massaging.

A simple mixture which has been recom mended can be made up by any chemist for about one shilling. It is as follows: 4 oz. bay rum, 4 drachms jaborandi, 1 drachm glycerine, and 1 drachm castor oil.

Until the hair shows signs of recovery, shampoo it every week, but after that only once a fortnight will be sufficient. It is an excellent scheme to massage in a little warm olive oil, which should be left on for a couple of hours before wetting the hair.

And although ’tis said that ‘‘gentlemen —cannibal ones, too —prefer blondes,” take my advice and leave your hair the colour nature intended it should be.

Keeping Fit in the Tropics

pp. 63-64

So many people to-day suffer from ap pendicitis that the following may prove helpful:

How Appendicitis Is Caused

The cause of appendicitis is easy to un derstand, if one consults a good anatomi cal chart; the position of the appendix at the lower end of the ascending colon soon causes it to become congested and in flamed when the large intestine is gorged with quantities of unsuitable food, only partly digested, and very often putrescent.

Inflammation is not caused by orange pips, grape-seeds or cherry-stones, as was popularly supposed, but merely by con stant irritation, due to pressure of har dened fecal matter, often sustained in the bowels for months on end.

Those who eat quantities of fruit, nuts and fresh vegetables have no need to fear appendicitis, nor is an operation essential to cure an attack. Complete abstinence from food, warm lemon and orange drinks, and colon irrigation, to remove morbid matter, will soon terminate inflammation, but a rational diet must be followed to prevent a recurrence of the disease. Re

member, then, that the appendix is an im portant secretory organ, and its removal will be followed by constipation, digestive troubles of various kinds and many other obscure complaints, the cause of which has hitherto been unsuspected.

In conclusion, let me emphasise this fact, that ridding oneself of the appendix does nothing towards curing the condi tion that made such a step necessary. An inflamed appendix, especially one conges ted with pus, is a sure indication that the whole digestive tract is badly affected; and, unless the system is thoroughly cleaned and regenerated, more serious complications are bound to ensue. One operation leads to another; the chronic constipation and impacted caecum which brought about appendicitis may next cause an ulcer, and from that, there is only one step to cancer.

Nature gives us due warning when all is not well with us; pain is her s.o.s. and the wise man will heed the signal and come at once to her aid. Not even the much-vaunted discoveries of the greatest

scientists can teach man how to improve upon the human body, which the Creator

made in His own image and likeness; therefore, we should strive to keep it fit

and whole, in all the harmony of its natural beauty and perfection.

Advertisements & other items, pp. 63-64 (1 item)

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For— Fresh Fruit, Vegetables, and Produce Island residents can rely on the old-established Shipping Providers.

Island Representatives: Nelson & Robertson — W. M. Reid Only Address: 421 Sussex St., SYDNEY All Orders Promptly Attended

Wholesome and Delicious Foods

Island residents can always ensure quality foods that are wholesome and delicious by ordering

AUNT MARY’S

PURE FOOD PRODUCTS

These appetising food products are specially manufactured and packed to meet Island conditions.

Full of flavour and refreshing nourishment they appeal to the palates of all who partake.

For over thirty years the brand “Aunt Mary’s” has been a guarantee of quality to the people of the Islands.

Prepared and packed only by

TILLOCK & Co. Ltd.

Pure Food Manufacturers

KENT AND LIVERPOOL STREETS

SYDNEY, N.S.W.

Ask also for "Defiance”

Brand Canned Goods They are supreme in excellence.

Prepared and packed by the proprietors of Aunt Mary’s Pure Food Products

CRAFTS AND HOBBIES

Correspondence Tuition in Weaving, Spinning, Basketry, Flower-making, Felt and Woollen Toys, etc. Principal: Mrs. G.

Farquharson, Kembla Building, 58 Margaret Street, Sydney, or c/o. Pacific Publications Ltd., Box 3408R, Sydney.

Neptune’s Greatest Gift to Man—

OZO SALT

The word “OZO” means the Sea. OZO SALT is made from Sterilized Sea Water of the Pacific Ocean and dried in vacuum.

“NOTHING PURER ON EARTH.”

Ask for it in the new Patent Package. Specially designed (for the Island and Eastern Trade) to resist Moisture, Humidity and Water. CAN BE OPENED AND RESEALED WITH THE GREATEST OF EASE. ORDER A PACKET TO-DAY.

Other “OZO” Specialities are: Ozo Health Salt.

Ozo Celery Salt.

“Sea-King” Gravy Salt.

OZO SALT CO.

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A CLEAN PLANTATION GUARANTEED

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Used on Malay States Rubber Plantations; approved by British Malay Rubber Institute F.O.B. Sydney. Sold in 4 gallon tins —2 tins to a case. 4/3 per gallon (Australian Currency). In concentrated form. Agents wanted in every group Particulars from:

LONE HAND SOAP CO.

554 Botany Rd., Alexandria, Sydney, Australia

A. E.

Matthews

MANUFACTURER

OF THE FAMOUS

“MATTHEWS”

BOOTS

SPECIALISING IN

HEAVY FOOTWEAR

Standard Screwed—Fair Stitch and Machine Sewn.

WHOLESALE ONLY

Enquiries from Traders Solicited Catalogues and Price Lists on application.

We specialise in Island Footwear Trade

MATTHEWS

JOHN ST., LEICHHARDT, N.S.W.

Tropical Fare

Honey Meringue Squares

½ cup butter 1 teaspoon baking powder ½ cup honey ½ cup brown sugar ¼ teaspoon salt 3 egg yolks ½ cup nut meats 1½ cups Fountain S.R. flour.

Cream butter and honey and sugar. Add egg yolks and beat well. When thoroughly creamed, add sifted dry ingredients and chopped nuts.

Spread this mixture over a flat pan and on top of batter spread a meringue made as follows: 2 egg whites 1-3 cup castor sugar 1-3 cup sugar Beat egg whites, sugar and honey together until mixture holds its shape. Spread over batter, and sprinkle with shredded coconut, chopped nuts, or grated chocolate. Bake in a moderate oven for 25 minutes. Cut while warm with knife dipped in hot water.

Mango Jam

Ingredients: Three pounds mangoes, ½ pint water, sugar.

Method: Peel mangoes, cut into slices. Put into preserving pan with the water and boil to 1 hours. Measure; add one cup sugar to each cup of pulp and cook till the desired consistency when tested.

Pawpaw Jelly

Ingredients: One firm, ripe pawpaw, 1 lemon jelly crystal, little sherry, whipped cream.

Method: Dissolve the jelly crystal, flavour with the sherry. Peel the pawpaw, cut a little off one end, remove the seeds. When jelly is cool, fill the pawpaw, place on ice. When set, cut into rings, garnish with whipped cream.

Hints For Islands Housekeeping

Monthly Prize of 10/6 We have established a bureau for the exchange of ideas, whereby home makers throughout the Islands can be of mutual help to each other, and for the most helpful hint or recipe each month we offer a prize of 10/6. Address all com munications to “Dorothea,” Pacific Islands Monthly, Union House, George Street, Sydney.

Shopping Bureau

“Dorothea,” who conducts this column, is prepared to carry out, for Islands readers, any shopping requirements.

Simply write to “Dorothea,” c/o. “Pacific Islands Monthly,” P.O. Box 3408R, Sydney, and state your needs. She will do her best to carry out your wishes and please you.

Recently she sent, to the order of one of our readers, delightful pottery to New Guinea, from the pottery shop in Rowe Street —quaint tea pots, casserole dishes and jugs. Some of the goods were from the kilns of the clever Holden sisters — the name Holden being famous on the goldfields. By last mail, she had another order from the Territory from “one who had seen the lovely goods.”

To a mere man, “Dorothea” sent one of the special Virtue rainproof woven silk lumber zipp. fastener jackets. He radiod a repeat; and last week he wrote: “Gee, it’s a beauty—was offered a fiver for it.”

It Happened One Day